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. 2017 Mar 1;117(6):2179–2187. doi: 10.1152/jn.00935.2016

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

Changes in cough response induced by microinjections of kynurenic acid into the rostral NTS. Control: repetitive coughing was induced by mechanical stimulation of the intrathoracic trachea. Post NTS KYN: A: coughing ~12 min after 4 microinjections of kynurenic acid (on right). Note extremely long preparatory cough inspirations with “tonic” preexpulsive ABD activation during inspiratory cough phase starting from the 2nd cough and temporary reduction of this activity before the transition into cough expiration in the 3rd cough in the trial. B: within 10 min after microinjections of kynurenic acid, mechanical stimulation of the intrathoracic trachea frequently did not elicit coughing but produced apneusis and long-lasting coactivation of inspiratory and expiratory muscles (on right). ʃ, EMG moving average; PS, parasternal muscle EMG; ABD, abdominal muscle EMG; EP, esophageal pressure; BP, arterial blood pressure.