Table 1.

Demographics and clinical characteristics

Subject groups	HC	PD-NC	PD-MCI	p
n	37	64	36
Age (y)	65.7 ± 7.2	62.8 ± 10.0	68.7 ± 8.7	0.01b
Age range	49.7–85.4	41.8–87.3	48.1–85.5
Gender (male, %)	21, 56.8%	40, 63%	26, 72.2%	0.4a
Education (y)	13.9 ± 3.9	13.8 ± 3.6	11.3 ± 3.3	<0.001f
Disease duration (mo)		24.2 ± 4.7	24.7 ± 5.4	0.8g
LEDD (mg/d) baseline		144.5 ± 111.7	248.6 ± 158.1	0.001g
H&Y baseline		1.9 ± 0.7	2.1 ± 0.6	0.054h
H&Y follow-up		2.1 ± 0.6	2.2 ± 0.4	0.2g
UPDRS III baseline		25.0 ± 11.0	29.4 ± 10.5	0.051h
UPDRS III follow-up		31.4 ± 12.6	38.6 ± 10.0	0.001g
MMSE baseline	29.4 ± 1.0	29.1 ± 0.8	28.1 ± 1.4	<0.001b,c,d, 0.4e
MMSE follow-up	29.6 ± 0.9	29.2 ± 1.0	27.4 ± 1.9	<0.001b,c,d, 0.2e
MoCA baseline	27.6 ± 2.2	26.9 ± 2.4	22.9 ± 3.9	<0.001b,c,d, 0.4e
MoCA follow-up	27.9 ± 3.0	27.8 ± 2.1	24.1 ± 3.6	<0.001b,c,d, 0.9e
Cognitive domainsg
Memory		−0.2 ± 0.7	−2.0 ± 1.6	<0.001
Memory follow-up		−0.5 ± 1.0	−2.3 ± 1.5	<0.001
Attention		−0.1 ± 0.6	−1.6 ± 2.0	<0.001
Attention follow-up		−0.4 ± 0.9	−2.1 ± 2.1	<0.001
Executive		−0.2 ± 0.6	−1.2 ± 0.9	<0.001
Executive follow-up		0.02 ± 0.8	−1.2 ± 1.0	<0.001
Language		0.05 ± 0.7	−0.5 ± 1.0	<0.01
Language follow-up		0.1 ± 0.7	−0.3 ± 0.9	<0.01
Visuospatial		0.2 ± 0.5	−0.8 ± 2.1	<0.001
Visuospatial follow-up		−0.2 ± 1.2	−1.8 ± 3.0	<0.001

Values expressed as mean ± SD.

Key: GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr; MMSE, Mini–Mental State examination; MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PD-MCI, Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment; PD-NC, Parkinson's disease with no cognitive impairment; UPDRS III, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Part III.

^aχA–Abbrev; PD-MCI, controls.

^bANOVA–Healthy controls, PD-NC, PD-MCI; Post hoc Tukey pairwise tests.

^cPD-MCI versus healthy controls.

^dPD-MCI versus PD-NC.

^ePD-NC versus healthy controls.

^fKruskal-Wallis test.

^gWilcoxon rank-sum test–PD-NC and PD-MCI.

^hStudent t test–PD-NC and PD-MCI.