Figure 2.

MPO and vanin-1, through their byproducts, modulate several pathways involved in carcinogenesis. They can sustain the generation of mutated clones, favor escape from apoptosis and selection of neoplastic clones, and drive overgrowth of cancer cells. MMP, metalloproteinases; GSH, glutathione; TIMP, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; Egr-1, early growth response factor-1; GH, growth hormone; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; MMR, mismatch repair; Nrf2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2.