Takao et al. [157] |
Analysis of 3111C single nucleotide polymorphism of the Clock gene |
Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 145) |
Healthy individuals (n = 128) |
Individuals with schizophrenia had a significantly higher frequency of the C allele compared to controls. |
Sun et al. [100] |
Relative expression of clock gene mRNA: Per1, Per2 and Per3 in blood samples |
Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 13) |
Healthy controls (n = 15) |
Individuals with schizophrenia presented disruptions in diurnal rhythms of the expression of Per1, Per3, and Npas2 compared with healthy controls, accompanied by a delayed phase in the expression of Per2 and by a decrease in Per3 and Npas2 expression. |
Johansson et al. [101] |
Analysis of Clock, Bmal1, Per1, Per2, Cry1, Cry2, REV-ERBα and Dbp in fibroblasts from skin samples |
Individuals with chronic schizophrenia under neuroleptic medication (n = 11) |
Healthy individuals (n = 11) |
Loss of rhythmic expression of Cry1 and Per2 in fibroblasts from individuals with schizophrenia compared to cells from healthy controls. |