Table 4.

Clock genes and schizophrenia. REV-ERBα: reverse erythroblastosis virus; Dbp: albumin-D-site-binding protein.

Studies	Measure	Individuals with Psychiatric Disorder (n)	Controls (n)	Results
Takao et al. [157]	Analysis of 3111C single nucleotide polymorphism of the Clock gene	Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 145)	Healthy individuals (n = 128)	Individuals with schizophrenia had a significantly higher frequency of the C allele compared to controls.
Sun et al. [100]	Relative expression of clock gene mRNA: Per1, Per2 and Per3 in blood samples	Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 13)	Healthy controls (n = 15)	Individuals with schizophrenia presented disruptions in diurnal rhythms of the expression of Per1, Per3, and Npas2 compared with healthy controls, accompanied by a delayed phase in the expression of Per2 and by a decrease in Per3 and Npas2 expression.
Johansson et al. [101]	Analysis of Clock, Bmal1, Per1, Per2, Cry1, Cry2, REV-ERBα and Dbp in fibroblasts from skin samples	Individuals with chronic schizophrenia under neuroleptic medication (n = 11)	Healthy individuals (n = 11)	Loss of rhythmic expression of Cry1 and Per2 in fibroblasts from individuals with schizophrenia compared to cells from healthy controls.