Table 1.
Proteins detected in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) secretion media from men and women.
| Secreted Factor a,b,c | Average in Male SAT | Average in Female SAT | Average in Male VAT | Average in Female VAT | SAT vs. VAT | Male vs. Female | Depot x Sex |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-4 | 29.8 ± 7.2 | 40.6 ± 12.4 | 106.7 ± 13.3 † | 110.4 ± 23.3 ** | < 0.001 | 0.689 | 0.846 |
| IL-6 | 388.5 ± 72.1 | 699.6 ± 329.5 | 2183.6 ± 497.8 | 4861.1 ± 1590.1 ** | 0.004 | 0.141 | 0.242 |
| IL-21 | 287.9 ± 15.6 | 285.3 ± 19.3 | 231.9 ± 13.1 | 213.8 ± 14.0 ** | < 0.001 | 0.530 | 0.639 |
| IL-1α | 17.9 ± 0.9 | 18.4 ± 1.3 | 16.4 ± 0.7 | 15.6 ± 1.4 | 0.093 | 0.872 | 0.614 |
| IL-1RA | 65.7 ± 11.3 | 76.4 ± 18.9 | 79.2 ± 19.1 | 99.1 ± 19.9 | 0.349 | 0.427 | 0.813 |
| GRO-α | 50.2 ± 2.2 | 61.3 ± 9.0 | 125.3 ± 28.7 | 178.7 ± 54.6 * | 0.008 | 0.358 | 0.546 |
| IL-8 | 218.5 ± 61.3 | 586.9 ± 222.9 | 1427.5 ± 247.7 | 1866.5 ± 693.5 | 0.007 | 0.365 | 0.937 |
| MCP-1 | 176.2 ± 55.2 | 234.3 ± 109.9 | 844.6 ± 150.3 | 949.8 ± 295.9 * | < 0.001 | 0.682 | 0.906 |
| MIP-1α | 10.6 ± 9.0 | 18.6 ± 39.3 | 29.9 ± 14.8 | 40.2 ± 48.4 | 0.033 | 0.332 | 0.901 |
| MIP-1β | 202.4 ± 11.8 | 214.1 ± 27.8 | 304.1 ± 16.9 | 297.0 ± 53.6 | 0.014 | 0.949 | 0.798 |
| RANTES | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.4 † | 4.7 ± 1.0 * | < 0.001 | 0.900 | 0.933 |
| SDF-1α | 314.2 ± 65.3 | 260.6 ± 79.6 | 622.2 ± 38.2 | 578.5 ± 114.6 * | 0.001 | 0.593 | 0.956 |
| FGF-2 | 87.3 ± 4.4 | 82.6 ± 6.0 | 70.4 ± 3.2 | 63.8 ± 4.6 * | < 0.001 | 0.262 | 0.852 |
| HGF | 694.3 ± 173.5 | 484.8 ± 101.3 | 950.7 ± 136.2 | 761.4 ± 140.8 | 0.058 | 0.1538 | 0.942 |
| LIF | 32.0 ± 7.0 | 55.4 ± 16.7 | 200.5 ± 32.1 ‡ | 213.6 ± 48.9 ** | <0.001 | 0.589 | 0.879 |
| P IGF-1 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 9.3 ± 1.6 † | 8.4 ± 1.8 ** | <0.001 | 0.516 | 0.974 |
| VEGF-A | 117.3 ± 23.6 | 89.4 ± 14.5 | 253.6 ± 53.4 † | 169.9 ± 30.2 | 0.001 | 0.089 | 0.391 |
| Adiponectin | 3679.7 ± 648.2 | 3757.7 ± 565.4 | 3513.4 ± 426.5 | 3939.8 ± 610.0 | 0.989 | 0.670 | 0.769 |
a Secreted factors were expressed in pg/mL per mg/mL of protein in VAT or SAT; Interleukin (IL)-4; IL-6; IL-21; IL-1α; IL-8; Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA); Growth related oncogene alpha (GRO-α); Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1); Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α; MIP-1β; Regulated on Activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES); stromal cell-derived factor -1α (SDF-1α); fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2); Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF); Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF); Placental growth factor-1 (P IGF-1); Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A); b Undetected adipokines: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); Eotaxin/C-C motif chemokine 11 (CCL11); Epidermal growth factor (EGF); Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); Nerve growth factor)-β (NGF-β); Interferon (IFN)-α; IFN-γ; IL-1β; IL-2; IL-5; IL-7; IL-9; IL-10; IL-12 p70; IL-13; IL-15; IL-17A; IL-18; IL-22; IL-23; IL-27; IL-31; IP-10/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL10); Tumor necrosis (TNF)-α; TNF-β/Lymphotoxin-α (LTA); Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB); Stem cell factor (SCF); VEGF-D; c Secreted factors were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, with adipose tissue depot and sex as main effects. The interaction between depot and sex was also analyzed. p < 0.05 was considered significant. † and ‡ indicate p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively, for comparisons between SAT and VAT in males after a Bonferroni post hoc test; * and ** indicate p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively, for comparisons between SAT and VAT in females after a Bonferroni post hoc test.