Table 1.
Associated Disease | Host | Virulence Factors | Observed Activities | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Endocarditis | Human | Fsr system | A higher prevalence of the fsr locus in the endocarditis isolates (100%) compared with fecal isolates (53%) | [57] |
1 IBD | Human | Gelatinase | The expression of gelE gene was significantly higher in the IBD patients compared with that in the controls | [58] |
IBD | Mice | Gelatinase | The gelE positive E. faecalis strain induced a significantly higher colitis and ileitis in the mice compared with that of the gelE mutant strains | [51] |
Peritonitis | Mice | Cytolysin and gelatinase | Adding 2 SRFE to the inoculum considerably lowered the LD50 for E. faecalis OG1RF | [59] |
Systemic infection | Mice and G. mellonella | Cytolysin and gelatinase | Injections of a gelE positive strain cause death in the G. mellonella larvae within 8 h and over 2 days in mice. Meanwhile, cytolysin was highly expressed in heart and spleen of mice | [60] |
Ulcerative colitis | Mice | Gelatinase | Gelatinase can regulate intestinal permeability through 3 PAR2 | [50] |
Endophthalmitis | Rabbit | Fsr system | An fsrB positive strain reduced the B-wave amplitude significantly compared with an fsrB negative strain | [61] |
Endophthalmitis | Rabbit | Gelatinase and serine protease | 100 CFU/mL of E. faecalis OG1RF caused significant loss of retinal function after 24 h compared with fsrB mutant strains | [62] |
Endocarditis | Rabbit | Gelatinase | A gelE positive phenotype increased bacterial burden in the heart tissues | [48] |
Persistent infection | C. elegans | Fsr system and cytolysin | Feeding on lawns containing E. faecalis (cytolysin and fsrB positive) caused a lethal infection | [39] |
Persistent infection | C. elegans | Cytolysin and gelatinase | Ingestion of different strains of E. faecalis having the fsr locus and cytolysin operon significantly increased its pathogenicity | [63] |
Aerial tissue damage | A. thaliana | Fsr system | Parental strain OG1RF caused mortality after 7 days post-inoculation while fsrB and sprE mutant strains significantly attenuated virulence | [64] |
Systemic infection | D. melanogaster | Gelatinase, serine protease, and enterocin O16 | gelE, sprE, and ef1097 mutant strains attenuated virulence significantly compared with the V583 parental strain | [30] |
1 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD); 2 Sterile Rat Fecal Extracts (SRFE); 3 Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2).