Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of the control group and peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients.
| Variable | Control Group (n = 72) | PAD (n = 86) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 63 (59–73) | 66 (49–87) | 0.529 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 47 (65.3) | 68 (79.1) | 0.039 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 17 (23.6) | 6 (10.9) | 0.048 |
| Medications, n (%) | |||
| Antiplatelet drugs | Not recorded | 25 (29.0) | |
| Statins | 48 (55.8) | ||
| Antidiabetic drugs | 48 (55.8) | ||
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors | 48 (55.8) | ||
| Angiotensin receptor antagonists | 41 (47.6) | ||
| Calcium receptor antagonists | 55 (63.9) | ||
| Diuretics | 46 (53.5) | ||
| Anti-arrhythmia drugs | 73 (84.9) | ||
| Beta-blockers | 73 (84.9) | ||
| Bronchodilators | 59 (68.6) | ||
| Arterial hypertension, n (%) | 12 (16.9) | 28 (63.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 4 (5.6) | 29 (67.4) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 7 (9.9) | 20 (46.5) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 0 | 4 (22.2) | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 0 | 9 (25.0) | |
| Ankle brachial index = 0.4–0.9 | Not applicable | 81 (94.2) | |
| Ankle brachial index < 0.4 | Not applicable | 5 (5.8) | |
| Fontaine classification | |||
| Stage I, n (%) | Not applicable | 3 (3.4) | |
| Stage II, n (%) | Not applicable | 37 (43.0) | |
| Stage III, n (%) | Not applicable | 9 (10.5) | |
| Stage IV, n (%) | Not applicable | 37 (43.0) | |
| Galectin-3, ng/mL | 6.13 (3.05–12.2) | 10.79 (4.21–19.09) | <0.001 |
| F2-isoprostanes, pg/mL | 7.76 (3.03–14.82) | 90.91 (47.62–141.71) | <0.001 |
| Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2, pg/mL | 136.34 (88.37–203.22) | 565.75 (211.00–1154.00) | <0.001 |
| β-2-microglobulin, mg/L | 1.53 (1.09–2.35) | 2.22 (1.34–4.55) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 0.19 (0.02–0.74) | 0.80 (0.07–2.82) | <0.001 |