Table 4.
The application of proteomics in lactation research in dairy cows.
| Methodology | Protein Type | Factors | Candidate Genes/Biomarker/Signaling | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Milk components | ||||
| SDS-PAGE and MS | Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) | Mid-lactation | Cell signaling and membrane/protein trafficking | [76] |
| Shotgun proteomics | MFGM | Day 7 after calving compared with colostrum | Lipid transportation, synthesis and secretion | [77] |
| 2D and MS | whey proteome | The period of early lactation | Immunoglobulins and caseins | [78] |
| 2D and MS | The main whey protein | Caprine, bovine, equine and buffalo | β-lactoglobumin | [79] |
| 2D and MS | Milk protein | Colostrum | β2-microglobulin, Vitamin D-binding protein, zinc-α-2-glycoprotein and immunoglobulin G2 chain C | [78,80] |
| iTRAQ | Specific proteins | Various species | Clusterin (buffalo), biglycan (goat), quinone oxidoreductase and whey acidic protein (camel), clusterin (buffalo), primary amine oxidase (cow), uncharacterized protein (yak), high abundance of antimicrobial proteins (bovine), and high concentrations of the mucosal defense system (human) | [81,82] |
| Nutrition and lactation stages | ||||
| 2D and MS | Milk protein | Lys or Met | A series of biological processes such as transcription, translation, protein synthesis, cell division and differentiation and even the cell cycle | [83,84] |
| 2D and MS | Mammary gland protein | The lactation and non-lactation stages | Up-regulated proteins are involved in biological processes such as transportation, metabolism, biosynthesis, protein processing, the pentose-phosphate shunt, secretion and cell apoptosis; downregulated proteins play roles in other processes such as lipid degradation, transportation and the cytoskeleton | [85] |
| iTRAQ | Liver protein | Early lactation, and during mid-lactation | Isocitrate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase | [86] |
| iTRAQ | Liver protein | Physiological imbalance | Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase-4 | [86] |
| FASP-Dimethyl Labeling-NanoLC- MS/MS | Milk protein | Energy balance | Galactose-1-phosphate and stomatin | [73] |
| Mastitis | ||||
| LC-MS/MS | Milk protein | Inflammation | Low-abundance proteins such as lactoferrin, transferrin, apolipoprotein AI, and fibrinogen | [74] |
| iTRAQ | Milk whey proteins | Infection with Staphylococcus aureus | Casein peptides, osteopontin, serum proteins, minor acute phase proteins and complement components | [87] |
| 2D and MS or iTRAQ | N-linked glycosylated proteins | Clinical mastitis | High-abundance proteins such as hemoglobin β, cytochrome C oxidase, annexin V and α-1-acid glycoprotein as well as collagen type I α 1 and inter-α (Globulin) inhibitor H4 | [23,88,89] |
Abbreviations: SDS-PAGE, Sodium dodecylsulfate -polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; 2-DE, two-dimensional electrophoresis; MS, mass spectrometry; iTRAQ, isobaric tags for absolute and relative quantification; LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; FASP, filteraided sample preparation.