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. 2017 May 17;18(5):1076. doi: 10.3390/ijms18051076

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Identification of human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) used in this research. Representative image of colony-forming units and (A) a random single-cell clone on day 14. Bars = 25 µm; (B) Representative images of mineralized cell nodules following a 21-day osteogenic induction period and (C) lipid droplets following a 14-day adipogenic induction period. Bars = 50 µm; (D) Osteogenesis and (E) adipogenesis mRNA expression after the culture conditions compared with control; (F) Proliferation of locally isolated PDLSCs, as assessed by MTT assays after cultured at days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9; (G) Cell surface markers identified by flow cytometric analysis. FL1 NC and FL2 NC means the negative control to the FL1 and FL2, respectively. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD. n = 5. *** p < 0.001 represent significant differences between the indicated columns.