Figure 1.

Sodium–glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitors exert multiple effects on diabetic nephropathy (DN). These agents improve glomerular filtration and reduce extracellular matrix (ECM) production, oxidative stress and inflammation. These effects contribute to the reduction of renal fibrosis and albuminuria. CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor; ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; Nox4: NADPH oxidase 4; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor β.