Table 1.

Examples of molecular determinants for RNA viral immune stimulation and for RNA viral immune escape for NDV and Ebola virus.

1. NDV in Man
Viral PAMPs:	5′triphosphate leader RNA [5]
	ssRNA, dsRNA [5,26,32,56]
	HN protein [40,41,46,48,58]
Host cell PRRs:	cytoplasmic RIG-I [5]
	endosomal TLR [35]
	plasma membrane NKp46 [41]
Response:	Inhibition of infection by production of type I IFNs [58]
	Activation of NK cells killing infected cells [41]
	Priming of DC1, Th1, CTLs and MTCs [45,47,48,59]
2. NDV in Birds
Type I interferon response counteracted by the viral V protein [53,54,55]
V protein targets STAT1 for degradation [53]
V protein interaction with RIG-I/MDA5 leading to downregulation of IRF3 and IFN-β [54,55]
3. Ebola in Man
Type I interferon response counteracted by two viral proteins: Vp35 and Vp24 [56,57]
Vp35 mediated interaction with dsRNA leading to downregulation of IRF3, PKR and eIF-2α [56]
Vp24 mediated interaction with STAT1 leading to downregulation of its nuclear translocation [57]

Abbreviations: eIF-2a, Elongation initiation factor 2a; MDA5, Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5; PAMPs, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PRRs, Pattern recognition receptors; RIG-I, Retinoic-acid-inducible gene I; PKR, dsRNA dependent protein kinase R; TLR, Toll-like receptor; HN, Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein; IFN-β, Interferon β; IRF3, Interferon response factor 3; ssRNA, single-stranded RNA; dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; IFN, type I interferon; NK, natural killer cell; DC1, Dendritic cell polarized towards type 1; Th1, T helper cell polarized towards type 1; CTL, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte; MTC, Memory T cell; STAT, Signal transducer and activator of transcription.