Table 1.
1. NDV in Man | |
Viral PAMPs: | 5′triphosphate leader RNA [5] |
ssRNA, dsRNA [5,26,32,56] | |
HN protein [40,41,46,48,58] | |
Host cell PRRs: | cytoplasmic RIG-I [5] |
endosomal TLR [35] | |
plasma membrane NKp46 [41] | |
Response: | Inhibition of infection by production of type I IFNs [58] |
Activation of NK cells killing infected cells [41] | |
Priming of DC1, Th1, CTLs and MTCs [45,47,48,59] | |
2. NDV in Birds | |
Type I interferon response counteracted by the viral V protein [53,54,55] | |
V protein targets STAT1 for degradation [53] | |
V protein interaction with RIG-I/MDA5 leading to downregulation of IRF3 and IFN-β [54,55] | |
3. Ebola in Man | |
Type I interferon response counteracted by two viral proteins: Vp35 and Vp24 [56,57] | |
Vp35 mediated interaction with dsRNA leading to downregulation of IRF3, PKR and eIF-2α [56] | |
Vp24 mediated interaction with STAT1 leading to downregulation of its nuclear translocation [57] |
Abbreviations: eIF-2a, Elongation initiation factor 2a; MDA5, Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5; PAMPs, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PRRs, Pattern recognition receptors; RIG-I, Retinoic-acid-inducible gene I; PKR, dsRNA dependent protein kinase R; TLR, Toll-like receptor; HN, Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein; IFN-β, Interferon β; IRF3, Interferon response factor 3; ssRNA, single-stranded RNA; dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; IFN, type I interferon; NK, natural killer cell; DC1, Dendritic cell polarized towards type 1; Th1, T helper cell polarized towards type 1; CTL, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte; MTC, Memory T cell; STAT, Signal transducer and activator of transcription.