Table 3.

Future aspects.

1. Harnessing Oncolytic Virus-Mediated Anti-Tumor Immunity

Combine Oncolytic Viruses (OVs) with immune checkpoint blocking antibodies [65]

Combine OVs with hyperthermia and activated T cells [86,90,91]

Use bispecific and trispecific antibody fusion proteins to improve tumor targeting of T cells [94] and of OVs [97]

Combine OVs with approved chemotherapeutic drugs and small molecules [96]

Combine OVs with pharmaceutical immunomodulators [95]

2. Using NDV as Vector against New Emerging Virus Diseases

Use viral HN gene as vaccine adjuvant [103]

Incorporate into a recNDV vector one or more foreign genes to achieve stable and high expression levels [98,99]

Follow positive experiences with avian influenza viruses [100] and SARS-CoV [101]

Abbreviatons: HN, Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein; OV, Oncolytic virus; recNDV, recombinant Newcastle disease virus vector; SARS-CoV, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.