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. 2017 Jun;187(6):1413–1425. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.02.012

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Calcified aortic valve cusps contain CD8+ T cells and interferon (IFN)-γ. A and B: Relative gene expression (normalized to noncalcified areas of stenotic valves) of CD8A (A) and IFN-γ (B). C: IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). D: Double immunofluorescence staining indicating colocalization of CD8+ T cells (green) and IFN-γ (red). The merged image shows colocalization and counterstaining with DAPI for visualization of the nuclei. E: Representative section of a calcified leaflet (transverse cryosection with a thickness on 6 μm), stained with hematoxylin and eosin to correlate histopathologic changes. The boxed area indicates an area adjacent to a calcified lesion, which is shown in D. n = 116 cusp portions from 52 valve donors (A–C); n = 5 (D and E). ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01. Scale bars: 50 μm (D); 5.632 mm (E). GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.