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Formation of additional stress fields, cavities and pores around non-metallic inclusions (NMI) and steel matrix due to different thermal expansions during heating and cooling.
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion | Group 1: αNMI < αsteel | Group 2: αNMI ~ αsteel | Group 3: αNMI > αsteel |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heating |  |
 |
 |
| Stress in NMI | No effect | Stress in steel matrix around NMI | |
| Cooling |  |
 |
 |
| Stress in steel matrix around NMI | No effect | Formation of cavity and pores around NMI |
