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. 2014 Jul 18;7(7):5225–5253. doi: 10.3390/ma7075225

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© 2014 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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The effect of the asymmetry in the kind of acid. The new pores start to nucleate at evenly-spaced sites corresponding to the curved surface of the concavities. The pores starting nearest to the concavity rim tend to coalesce or to stop growing in order to adapt the number of pores to the flat surface. Adapted with permission from [41]. Copyright 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. (a) AFM top measurement of a group of concavities; (b) Close-up in the central concavity showing the pores; (c) Height profile corresponding to the path within the concavity shown in (b); (d) Cross-section SEM view of the pore structure and the nucleation at the concavities.