Table 3.

Summary of optical biosensors based on NAA platforms: detection principle, application and sensing performance. SPR, surface plasmon resonance; SERS, surface-enhanced Raman scattering; PL, photoluminescence; RIfS, reflectometric interference spectroscopy.

Sensing Platform	Analyte	Detection Limit	References
SPR-NAA	avidin	10 µg·mL−1	[44]
	anti-5-fluorouracil	100 mg·mL−1	[44]
	melittin	100 ng·mL−1	[44]
	Ru[BPhen3]2+	2 µM	[45]
	Fe[Phen3]2+	1 µM	[45]
	BSA	60 nM	[46]
	invertase	10 nM	[36]
SERS-NAA	p-aminothiophenol	0.5 M	[47]
	4-mercaptopyridine	1 × 10−6 M	[48]
	3-mercaptobenzoic	3 mM	[49]
	benzenethiol	500 ppb	[50]
	N-methyl-4-nitroaniline	3 ppb	[50]
PL-NAA	morin	5 × 10−6 M	[51]
	trypsin	40 µg·mL−1/0.1 mg·mL−1	[51,52]
	DNA	100 mM	[53]
	oxazine 170	6.5 × 10−3 M	[54]
	glucose	0.1 M	[54]
	glucose	10 mM	[55]
	cysteine	5 mM	[55]
RIfS-NAA	H2S	0.5 v%	[56]
	DNA	2 nmol·cm−2	[57]
	circulating tumour cells	1000 cells·mL−1	[58]
	immunoglobulin	0.1 mg·mL−1	[59]
	glucose	100 mM	[55]
	cysteine	5 mM	[55]
	gold(III)	0.1 µM	[60]
	BSA	1 mg·mL−1	[61]
	glucose	0.01 M	[2]
	BSA	15 µM	[58]
	human IgG	600 nM	[62]