TABLE 3.
Summary of Imaging Modalities and Radiographic Signs Used in the Articles Included in the Final Analysisa
| Authors (Year) | Level of Evidence and Type of Study | Sample Size | Images | COS | PWS | ISS | Coxa Profunda | Acetabular Protrusio | Herniation Pit | CEA | AI | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beck et al (2005)3 | Retrospective, level 4 | 54 hips | AP, cross-table | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| Pfirrmann et al (2006)40 | Retrospective, level 4 | 17 pts (17 hips) | MRA | Yes | ||||||||
| Guevara et al (2006)19 | Retrospective, level 4 | 94 pts (99 hips) | AP, frog-leg | Yes | Yes | Yes | Acetabular depth-to-width index | |||||
| Tannast et al (2007)48 | Retrospective, level 4 | 67 hips (36 control, 31 FAI, 7 pincer) | SuAP, cross-table, CT | |||||||||
| Kalberer et al (2008)24 | Retrospective, level 4 | 149 pts (298 hips) | AP | Yes | Yes | Crossover ratio | ||||||
| Panzer et al (2008)38 | Retrospective, level 4 | 200 pts, avg 55.5 y old | CT | Yes | Yes | |||||||
| Martinez et al (2006)33 | Retrospective, level 4 | 498 pts | AP, MRA | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| Dandachli et al (2009)11 | Retrospective, level 3 | 33 pts (64 hips), avg 28 y old | AP, CT | Yes | Yes | Yes (CT) | ||||||
| Gu et al (2009)18 | Prospective, level 4 | 17 pts (34 hips) | AP, cross-table, CT, MRI | Yes | ||||||||
| Arbabi et al (2010)2 | Simulation, level 4 | 25 models | ||||||||||
| Ochoa et al (2010)37 | Retrospective, level 4 | 73 pts | AP, frog-leg | Yes | Yes (LCEA ≥39) | |||||||
| Hong et al (2010)21 | Retrospective, level 4 | 8 pts | AP, frog-leg, MRA | Yes | Yes | Yes (MRA) | ||||||
| Kappe et al (2011)25 | Retrospective, level 4 | 20 pts (40 hips), avg 26 y old | SuAP | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| Kim et al (2011)26 | Retrospective, level 4 | 62 pts (80 hips) | AP | Yes | Yes | Yes (LCEA >40) | Yes (≤0) | Extrusion index <25% | ||||
| Werner et al (2010)51 | Retrospective, level 4 | 1350 hips | AP | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| Brunner et al (2010)7 | Retrospective, level 4 | 50 pts (avg 35 y old), 50 controls | β-view | Yes (>40) | β-angle | |||||||
| Bellaiche et al (2010)4 | Prospective, level 4 | 65 pts with pincer | StAP, MRA | Yes | Yes | |||||||
| Corten et al (2011)10 | Retrospective, level 4 | 121 pts (148 hips) | AP, cross-table, MRA | Yes | Yes | Yes (LCEA) | Extrusion index, recess sign, double-line sign | |||||
| Laborie et al (2011)29 | Prospective, level 4 | 2060 pts (4080 hips) | StAP, frog-leg | Yes | Yes | Excessive acetabular coverage | ||||||
| Kutty et al (2012)28 | Retrospective, level 3 | 19 pts (19 hips), 30 controls | AP, cross-table | Yes (LCEA ≥40) | ||||||||
| Carlisle et al (2011)8 | Retrospective, level 4 | 45 hips | AP, cross-table, frog-leg | Yes (LCEA) | ||||||||
| Botser et al (2012)6 | Retrospective, level 3 | 121 pts (129 hips) | AP, cross-table, false-profile, CT, MRI | Yes | Yes | Yes | Anteversion on CT and MRI | |||||
| Sutter et al (2012)46 | Prospective, level 4 | 63 pts (30 pincer), 63 controls | SuAP, MRI | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | MRI for femoral anteversion | ||||
| Wassilew et al (2012)50 | Retrospective, level 3 | 25 pts (50 hips, 26 pincer) | SuAP, CT | Yes | Yes | CT for acetabular version | ||||||
| Dandachli et al (2012)12 | Retrospective, level 3 | 15 hips, 16 controls | AP, CT (3D recon) | Yes (on CT, LCEA, ACEA, PCEA, A+P CEA) | ||||||||
| Ranawat et al (2011)41 | Retrospective, level 4 | 100 pts (100 hips, 57 pincer) | AP, cross-table | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Anderson et al (2012)1 | Retrospective, level 3 | 175 pts (179 hips), 67 controls (134 hips) | AP, false profile | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (LCEA >40) | Yes (<0) | |||
| Boone et al (2012)5 | Retrospective, level 2 | 144 hips (52 pincer) | SuAP | Yes | Yes (LCEA >35) | Acetabular roof ratio, intraoperative findings | ||||||
| Stelzeneder et al (2013)45 | Retrospective, level 3 | 103 pts (103 hips, 46 pincer) | AP, false profile, MRI | Yes | Yes | Yes (on AP and false profile, also MRI) | Extrusion index | |||||
| Nepple et al (2013)34 | Retrospective, level 4 | 150 hips (50 pincer) | AP | Yes | Yes (LCEA >40) | |||||||
| Tibor et al (2013)49 | Retrospective, level 4 | 112 hips (41 pincer) | AP, MRA | Yes | Yes | Yes (LCEA >35) | ||||||
| de Bruin et al (2013)13 | Retrospective, level 4 | 262 pts (522 hips) | SuAP | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||
| Diaz-Ledezma et al (2013)14 | Retrospective, level 2 | 93 pts | AP | Yes | Yes | Yes | Acetabular retroversion index, intraoperative findings | |||||
| Schmitz et al (2013)43 | Retrospective, level 3 | 180 hips, avg 16 y old | StAP (EOS) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (LCEA ≥39) | ||||
| Henebry and Gaskill (2013)20 | Cadaveric, level 4 | 8 hips | AP | Yes | Yes (LCEA) | |||||||
| Ji et al (2014)23 | Retrospective, level 4 | 151 pts (151 hips), 151 controls | CT arthro | Yes | Yes (LCEA >39) | Central acetabular version, cranial acetabular version | ||||||
| Sutter et al (2014)47 | Prospective, level 2 | 28 pts | MRA, MRI | Intraoperative findings | ||||||||
| Lattanzi et al (2014)31 | Retrospective, level 3 | 20 pts | dGEMRIC at 3 T | Intraoperative findings | ||||||||
| Sahin et al (2014)42 | Prospective, level 2 | 14 pts | CT arthro, MRA | Intraoperative findings | ||||||||
| Petchprapa et al (2015)39 | Prospective, level 2 | 14 pts | Direct and indirect MRA | Intraoperative findings | ||||||||
| Diesel et al (2015)15 | Retrospective, level 2 | 129 pts (257 hips) | AP | Yes | Yes | Yes (LCEA >40) | Yes (<0) | |||||
| Nissi et al (2015)35 | Prospective, level 3 | 10 pts | MRI, MRA | |||||||||
| González Gil et al (2015)17 | Retrospective, level 3 | 36 pts | MRA | Intraoperative findings | ||||||||
| Jackson et al (2016)22 | Retrospective, level 3 | 46 pts | SuAP, StAP | Yes | Yes | Yes (LCEA) | Yes | Tip-symphysis distance, sacrococcygeal-symphysis distance |
a3D, 3-dimensional; ACEA, anterior center-edge angle; AI, acetabular index; AP, anteroposterior pelvis, position unspecified; CEA, center-edge angle; COS, crossover sign; CT, computed tomography; dGEMRIC, delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage; EOS, EOS imaging system (low-dose, 3D imaging technology); ISS, ischial spine sign; LCEA, lateral center-edge angle; MRA, magnetic resonance arthrography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PCEA, posterior center-edge angle; PWS, posterior wall sign; pts, patients; StAP, standing AP pelvis; SuAP, supine AP pelvis.