Table 1.
Effects of cocoa and cocoa flavonoids on colonic cancer cultured cell lines a. The arrow indicates an increase (↑) or decrease (↓) in the levels or activity of the different analyzed parameters, and “=” designates an unmodified parameter. DOC, deoxycholic acid.
| Biological Activity | Flavonoid | Cell | Concentration | Output | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant | Cocoa | Caco-2 | 10 µg/mL | acrylamide-incubated cells: ↓ GSH depletion, ↓ ROS generation, ↑ γ-GCS, ↑ GST | [20] |
| Antioxidant | Procyanidin B2 | Caco-2 | 10 µM (5.79 µg/mL) | acrylamide-incubated cells: ↓GSH depletion, ↓ ROS generation, ↑ γ-GCS, ↑ GST | [20] |
| Antioxidant | Epicatechin | Caco-2 | 10 µM (2.9 µg/mL) | acrylamide-incubated cells: ↓ GSH depletion, ↓ ROS generation | [20] |
| Apoptosis and proliferation/survival | Cocoa | Caco-2 | 10 µg/mL | ↓ acrylamide-induced caspase-3 and p-JNK | [20] |
| Apoptosis and proliferation/survival | Procyanidin B2 | Caco-2 | 10 µM (5.79 µg/mL) | ↑ ERK, ↑ p38, ↓ acrylamide-induced caspase-3 and p-JNK | [20] |
| Antioxidant | Catechin | Int-407 | 100 µM (29 µg/mL) | ↓ lipid peroxidation, ↓ ROS formation, ↑ GPx, ↑ GR, ↑ Nrf2, ↑ HO-1 | [21] |
| Antioxidant | Epicatechin | Caco-2 | 1–10 µM (0.29–2.9 µg/mL) | t-BOOH-treated cells: ↓ ROS generation, ↓ LDH, = GPx, = GST, = GR | [22] |
| Apoptosis and proliferation/survival | Procyanidin B2 | Caco-2 | 10 µM (5.79 µg/mL) | ↓ t-BOOH-induced caspase-3 | [22] |
| Apoptosis and proliferation/survival | Epicatechin | Caco-2 | 10 µM (2.9 µg/mL) | ↓ t-BOOH-induced caspase-3 | [22] |
| Antioxidant | Procyanidin B2 | Caco-2 | 1–10 µM (0.6–5.79 µg/mL) | ↑ GPx, ↑ GST, ↑ GR, ↑ Nrf2 translocation | [22,23] |
| Apoptosis and proliferation/survival | Hexamer procyanidins | Caco-2 | 2.5–20 µM (0.73–5.81 µg/mL) | ↓ DOC-induced caspase-3, ↓ PPAR cleavage | [24] |
| Apoptosis and proliferation/survival | Hexamer procyanidins | Caco-2 | 10 µM (2.91 µg/mL) | ↓ DOC-induced AKT, ERK, p38 and AP-1 | [24] |
| Antioxidant | Hexamer procyanidins | Caco-2 | 2.5–20 µM (0.73–5.81 µg/mL) | t-BOOH-treated cells: ↓ ROS generation, ↓ LDH ↓ DOC-induced cytotoxicity, ↓ oxidant generation, ↓ NADPH oxidase, ↓ Ca2+ | [24,25] |
| Anti-inflammatory | Hexamer procyanidins | Caco-2 | 2.5–60 µM (0.73–17.4 µg/mL) | TNF-treated cells: ↓ NF-κB activation (↓ p-IĸB, ↑ IĸB, ↓ p50 and p65 translocation, ↓ NF-κB-DNA binding), ↓ iNOS | [25] |
| Anti-inflammatory | Cocoa | Caco-2 | 50 µM (gallic acid equivalents, 14.5 µg/mL) | ↓ PGE2, ↑ COX-1, IL-stimulated cells: ↓ PGE2, = IL-8, = NF-κB | [26] |
| Anti-inflammatory | Cocoa | Caco-2 | 10 µg/mL | TNF-treated cells: ↓ IL-8, ↓ COX-2, ↓ iNOS, ↓ NFκB activation | [27] |
| Cell cycle | Polymer procyanidins | Caco-2 | 5–100 µg/mL | G2/M arrest, ↓ ornithine decarboxylase, ↓ S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase | [28] |
| Cell cycle | Epicatechin | LoVo | 5–1000 µM (1.45–290 µg/mL) | S arrest | [29] |
| Apoptosis and proliferation/survival | Procyanidin B2 | SW480 | 10–50 µM (5.79–28.93 µg/mL) | ↑ proliferation, ↑ p-AKT, ↑ p-ERK | [30] |
| Apoptosis and proliferation/survival | Procyanidin B2 | Caco-2 | 10–50 µM (5.79–28.93 µg/mL) | = proliferation, = p-AKT, = p-ERK | [30] |
| Apoptosis and proliferation/survival | Epicatechin | SW480 and Caco-2 | 10–50 µM (2.9–14.5 µg/mL) | = proliferation, = p-AKT, = p-ERK | [30] |
a Concentration in µg/mL was calculated as epicatechin equivalents.