Table 6.

Graphene–gold nanocomposites-based electrochemical biosensors, target analytes with respective specificity of detection.

Composition of the Sensors	Detected Analyte	Linear Range of Detection	LOD	References
GOD/rGO–AuNPs/GCE	Glucose	1–8 mM	10 μM	[114]
Graphene/nano–Au/GOD/GCE	Glucose	0.2–2 and 2–20 mM	17 μM	[124]
Graphene/AuNPs/chitosan/GOD	Glucose	2–10 mM	180 μM	[159]
GOD/graphene–AuNPs/GCE	Glucose	0.1–10 mM	35 mM	[160]
Graphene Rod/AuNPs/GOD	Glucose	0.1–10 mM	83 μM	[162]
GCE–ATP–GNs–AuNPs–GOD	Glucose	1–12 mM (voltammetry)	9.3 μM	[98]
GCE–ATP–GNs–AuNPs–GOD	Glucose	1–8 mM (EIS)	4.1 μM	[98]
GOD/graphene–AuNPs	Glucose	0.02–2.26	4.1 μM	[163]
GA@AuNPs/AuNPs	Glucose	0.01–16 mM	4.0 μM	[119]
Graphite/SrPdO3/AuNPs	Glucose	0.1–6 mM	10.1 μM	[164]
GOD–graphene/PANI/AuNPs/GCE	Glucose	0.004–1.12 mM	0.6 μM	[161]
Graphene/Au–NPs/GCE	H2O2	0.0005–0.5 mM	0.44 μM	[165]
Nafion/Hb/AuNPs–graphene/GCE	H2O2	0.0001–0.07 mM	0.03 μM	[87]
GCE–GO–AuNP–ssDNA	DNA	-	100 fM	[125]
ssDNA/AuNPs–ATPGO/GCE	DNA	1.0 × 10−13 to 1.0 × 10−9 M	1.13 × 10−14 M	[173]
ssDNA/AuNPs/TB–GO/GCE	MDR gene (DNA)	1.0 × 10−11 to 1.0 × 10−9 M	2.95 × 10−12 M	[168]
Capture probe (cDNA)/AuNPs–rGO/GCE	DNA	0.1 μM to 0.1 fM	35 aM	[167]
Au film/graphene–Au nanocomposite/GCE	Peanut allergen Ara h1 gene	10−16 to 10−13 M	0.041 fM	[89]
DHB/AuNPs/rGO/GCE	levodopa (LD)	0.05–1200.0 μM	18 nM	[90]
Au NP/GO/GCEs	Ascorbic Acid	0.11–0.6 mM	100 nM	[81]
Graphene/AuNPs/GCE	DES	1.20 × 10−8 to 1.20 × 10−5 M	9.80 × 10−9 M	[91]
AuNPs/rGO/GCE	NADH in human urine	50 nM to 500 μM	1.13 nM	[41]
AuNPs/ERGO/CILE	Folic Acid	0.01 μM to 50.0 μM	2.7 nM	[126]
AuNPs/1-pyrene butyric acid-functionalized graphene/GCE	Uric acid	2.6 × 10−6 to 6.2 × 10−5 M	2.0 × 10−7 M	[96]
Graphene nanosheet–PEI/AuNPs/GCE	Dopamine	2.0 to 48.0 μM	0.2 μM	[103]
[AuNPs/rGO]20/GCE	Dopamine	1.0 to 60.0 μM	0.02 μM	[135]
Hb/AuNPs–graphene–SDS/BPG	Nitric oxide	7.2 × 10−7 to 7.92 × 10−6 M	1.2 × 10−8 M	[94]
Hb/AuNPs/GACS/GRE	Nitrite	0.05 to 1000 μM	0.01 μM	[172]
AuNPs/graphene nanofibers/GCE	Bisphenol A in baby bottle	8.0 × 10−8 to 2.5 × 10−4 M	3.5 × 10−8 M	[122]
Anti-BPA/MCH/AuNPs/graphene/GCE	Bisphenol A in milk sample	0.01–10.0 μM	5 nM	[123]
Aflatoxin B1 antibody-AuNPs/DPB/graphene/Au electrode	Aflatoxin B1 in spiked food	3.2 fM–0.32 pM	1 fM	[121]
AuNP/N2-doped graphene/GCE	Chloramphenicol	2.0 × 10−6 to 8.0 × 10−5 M	5.9 × 10−7 M	[112]
Anti-estradiol antibody-AuNP–eGr/ITO	17 β-estradiol	1 × 10−3 to 0.1 × 10−12 M	0.1 fM	[120]
rGO–AuNPs-modified GCE	M. tuberculosis	1.0 × 10−15 and 1.0 × 10−9 M	fM level	[169]
E. coli O157:H7 antibodies-AuNPs/rGOPE	E. coli O157:H7	1.5 × 102 to 1.5 × 107 cfu/mL	1.5 × 102 cfu/mL	[170]
Au-graphene–AuNPs electrode	Carbamazepine	5 × 10−6 to 10−2 M	3.03 × 10−6 M	[110]
anti-CEA/AuNPs/Arg/rGO/CILE	CEA	0.5 to 200 ng·mL−1	0.03 ng·mL−1	[171]
AuNP–graphene/CILE	Hydroquinone	0.06 μM to 800.0 μM	0.018 μM	[100]