| BE | binding energy |
| CFU | colony forming unit |
| CNT | carbon nanotube |
| CuNP | copper nanoparticle |
| ETAAS | electro-thermal atomic absorption spectroscopy |
| PBS | phosphate buffer saline |
| PU | polyurethane |
| SAE | sacrificial anode electrolysis |
| TEM | transmission electron microscopy |
| TOAC | tetraoctylammonium chloride |
| XPS | X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
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