Table 1.
Best guess (BG) for agronomic input and output of wheat cultivation. Lower and upper bounds (LB and UB, respectively) of uncertainty range and type of applied distribution (D) are also reported.
| Agronomic Input/Output a | Unit | BG | Uncertainity Range | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LB | UB | D | |||||
| Input a | Soil preparation | Tillage, ploughing | n.·ha−1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Triangular |
| Tillage, harrowing | n.·ha−1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | Triangular | ||
| Sowing | Wheat seeds | kg·ha−1 | 190 | 87 | 285 | Triangular | |
| Sowing | n.·ha−1 | 1 | – | – | – | ||
| Triple superphosphate, as P2O5 | kg·ha−1 | 0 | 0 | 70 | Triangular | ||
| Potassium sulphate, as K2O | kg·ha−1 | 0 | 0 | 70 | Triangular | ||
| Urea, as N | kg·ha−1 | 20 | 0 | 26 | Triangular | ||
| Fertilizing, by broadcaster | n.·ha−1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Triangular | ||
| Field maintenance | Urea, as N | kg·ha−1 | 80 | 60 | 104 | Triangular | |
| Fertilizing, by broadcaster | n.·ha−1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | Triangular | ||
| Tillage, currying, by weeder | n.·ha−1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | Triangular | ||
| Pesticide | kg·ha−1 | 0 | 0 | 1.6 | Triangular | ||
| Application of pesticide | n.·ha−1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | Triangular | ||
| Irrigation water | m3·ha−1 | 0 | 0 | 400 | Triangular | ||
| Harvest | Combine harvesting | n.·ha−1 | 1 | – | – | – | |
| Output | Yields | Grain b | ton·ha−1 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 6.2 | Uniform |
| Straw c | ton·ha−1 | 5.6 | 3.8 | 11.2 | Uniform | ||
| Agronomic DFE d | NH3, volatilized | kg·ha−1 | 18.2 | 7.4 | 31.6 | Uniform | |
| N2O, biogenic | kg·ha−1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 2.8 | Uniform | ||
| NO3 leached | kg·ha−1 | 0 | 0 | 274.6 | Uniform | ||
| CO2 fossil from N-urea | kg·ha−1 | 157 | 94.2 | 204.1 | Uniform | ||
| PO43− runoff to surface water | kg·ha−1 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | Uniform | ||
| PO43− leaching to ground water | kg·ha−1 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | Uniform | ||
| P runoff to surface water | kg·ha−1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | Uniform | ||
a [39,42,43,45,50]; b Grain yield values retrieved from [51]; c Straw yield values based on an averaged straw-to-grain ratio of about 2 [38,42,44]; d Lower and upper bounds of DFE were derived on the basis of the combined effect of fertilizers input variations and uncertainty ranges of emission factors: 10%–20% for NH3–N volatilization factor, 0.08%–1% for N2O–N emission factor and 0.79–1.57 for kg CO2 fossil emissions from 1 kg applied urea-N [46,47,48]; 0–5 ton·year−1 as range of soil erosion from regional plain cropped soil [49].