Table 3.

Recent results on the improvement in the mechanical properties of cement matrices to date.

Weight-to-Cement Ratio of Nanoinclusion 1	Type of Cement-Matrix Composite 2	Dispersion Technique	Increase Referred to OPC Specimen (%) 3	References
0.3% GNPs; 40% FA; 5% SF	UHPC 4; Portland ASTM Type III	Bath Sonication; Polycarboxylate Superplasticiser	45% Tensile Str.; 153% Energy Absorption	[146]
0.3% CNFs; 40% FA; 5% SF	UHPC; Portland ASTM Type III	Bath Sonication; Polycarboxylate Superplasticiser	56% Tensile Str.; 108% Energy Absorption	[146]
1% CNTs	Mortar	CNT–COOH	40% Compressive Str.	[137]
0.15% CNTs; 30% SF	Mortar	CNT–COOH; CNT–OH 5	20% Compressive Str.; 50% Flexural Str.	[147]
1.5% GO	Pavement Concrete	Polycarboxylate Superplasticiser	48% Tensile Str.	[148]
0.05% GO	Cement Paste	Polycarboxylate Superplasticiser	40.4% Compressive Str.; 90.5% Flexural Str.	[149]
0.05% GO	Mortar	Superplasticiser	24.4% Compressive Str.; 70.5% Flexural Str.	[149]
0.08% GO; 80% FA; 2% SF; 2% vol. PVA fibres	Mortar	Superplasticiser	24.8% Compressive Str.; 37.7% Tensile Str.; 80.6% Flexural Str.	[150]
1% GO	Mortar	Polycarboxylate Superplasticiser	86.3% Compressive Str.	[151]

¹ GNPs: Graphite nanoplatelets, FA: Fly ash, SF: Silica fume, CNFs: Carbon nanofibres; ² Unless otherwise specified, ordinary Portland cement ASTM Type I was used; ³ Specimens cured for 28 days; ⁴ Ultra high performance concrete; ⁵ Both functionalizations yielded similar results. Specimens cured for 14 days.