| NPs | nanoparticles |
| SERS | surface-enhanced Raman scattering |
| LA | laser ablation |
| DLS | dynamic light scattering |
| UV-Vis | ultraviolet-visible |
| XPS | X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
| AFM | atomic force microscopy |
| SKPM | scanning Kelvin probe microscopy |
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