Table 3.

Performance by Group on Cognitive Measures in Original Measurement Units

	Comprehension (n = 54)		Fluency (n = 45)		DFC (n = 45)		Responder (n = 11)
Cognitive Variable	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M
Phonological awarenessa	8.72	2.15	8.52	2.76	6.82	2.16	9.73	2.30
Listening comprehensionb	9.04	2.01	10.47	2.24	9.39	2.21	10.75	2.15
Rapid namingc	8.85	3.71	7.22	3.07	6.18	2.60	8.43	2.83
Processing speedd	0.11	0.66	0.07	0.68	−0.35	0.65	0.09	0.65
Nonverbal reasoninge	96.50	11.03	98.67	10.32	90.67	13.37	97.55	10.22
Verbal knowledgef	81.92	9.31	90.02	11.35	80.78	15.85	91.23	10.67

Note. DFC = decoding, fluency, and comprehension impaired.

^aComprehensive Test of Phonological Processing-Phonological Awareness Composite (standard score; M = 10, SD = 3).

^bGroup Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation Listening Comprehension (stanine score).

^cComprehensive Test of Phonological Processing Rapid Automatized Naming–Letters subtest (standard score; M = 10, SD = 3).

^dAverage z score on three underlining tests.

^eKaufman Brief Intelligence Test Matrix Reasoning (standard score).

^fKaufman Brief Intelligence Test Verbal Knowledge (standard score).