Figure 3.

(A) Schematic illustration of phase inversion induced by surface adsorption of a series of sodium carboxylates of different chain lengths on CaCO₃ nanoparticles; (B) Digital photographs of vessels containing toluene-water emulsions stabilized by CaCO₃ nanoparticles and sodium carboxylate: (a) C₆Na; (b) C₈Nal; (c) C₁₀Na; and (d) C₁₂Na at different concentrations, taken 1 week after preparation. Concentration from left to right: (a–c) 1, 3, 6, 10, 30, 60 mM; (d) 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 mM. Adapted with permission from [78]. Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society.