Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies

Study	N	Age in years Mean (range)	Sex Female/Male	Surgery type
Carreon et al.2	887	14.3 (10–18)	735/152	Spinal fusion
Connelly et al.4	50	14.5 (11–17)	41/9	Posterior spinal fusion
Landman et al.11	295	NR (8–22)*	NR*	Spinal fusion
Lillehei et al.12	44	14.7 (10–18.8)	28/16	Ilioanal pull through
Lind et al.13	20	12.5 (8–16)	11/9	Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (knee)
Mariconda et al.14	87	14.8 (11–22)	77/10	Spinal fusion
Nishimura et al.15	12	14.4 (12–17)	0/12	Osteochondral transplant (donor knee evaluated)
Page et al.17,18	83	13.8 (8–18)	56/27	Major orthopedic and general surgery
Pellegrino et al.20	33	15.6 (11–20)	31/2	Posterior spinal fusion
Rabbitts et al.22	60	14.7 (10–18)	40/20	Major orthopedic and general surgery
Sieberg et al.23	190	14.4 (8–21)	137/53	Spinal fusion
Stromqvist et al.24	74	17** (12–17)	43/31	Surgery for lumbar disk herniation

^*Demographics only provided for full sample of 1433 patients and not for 295 included in the analyses

^**Median age reported