Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Author | Year | Study type | Outcome measured | Results ($US 2016) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phelps [20] | 1989 | Economic model | Costs and benefits associated with antimicrobial use in the United States | Unrecognized social cost annually in the US ranging from $145 million to $14.5 billion |
| Rudholm [21] | 2002 | Economic Models | Antimicrobial resistance at global level and to design a tax/subsidy system | No empirical analysis used to simulate models |
| Elbasha [19] | 2003 | Economic model | Excess burden to society from extra courses of amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate use, based on Phelps model | Excess burden associated with 40 million prescriptions was $345 million |
| Smith et al. [17] | 2006 | Economic model | Evaluating regulation, taxation, tradeable permits on reducing antimicrobial use and level of MRSA | Taxation least effective, free tradeable permit most effective |
| Kaier and Frank [18] | 2010 | Economic model | Cost of resistance and of antimicrobial consumption (negative externalities) and use of alcohol based hand rub for hand disinfection (positive externality) on the incidence of hospital-acquired MRSA | Negative externality associated with 2nd generation cephalosporins, 3rd generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and lincosamines ranged $6–17 per DDD |
| Kaier and Volkswirt [5] | 2012 | Economic model | Cost of resistance and of antimicrobial consumption (negative externalities) and use of alcohol based hand rub for hand disinfection (positive externality) on the incidence of hospital-acquired MRSA, CDAD, ESBL | Negative externality associated with 3rd gen cephalosporins ($159 per DDD) and fluoroquinolones ($112 per DDD). |
| Smith & Coast [22] | 1998 | Description | Conceptual and practical issues of tradeable permits | Identified 7 factors to consider |
| Coast et al. [13] | 1998 | Description | Resistance as an externality and policy options (e.g. regulation, taxation, tradeable permits) for dealing with antimicrobial resistance | Strengths and limitations of policy options |
MRSA Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, CDAD Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, ESBL extended spectrum beta-lactamase, DDD defined daily dose