Table 2.
Univariate analysis for risk factors of acute PTSD disease
| Risk factors | No PTSD n = 165 N (%) | Confirmed PTSD n = 6 N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics and psycho-social factors | ||||
| Age | ┐ | |||
| < 31 yr | 44 (26.7) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (reference) | 0.74† |
| ≥ 31 yrs. and <35 yrs | 59 (35.8) | 2 (33.3) | 0.74 (0.10–5.50) | ┘ |
| > 36 yrs | 62 (37.6) | 2 (33.3) | 0.71 (0.09–5.23) | |
| Pregnancy | ||||
| Past pregnancy | 105 (63.6) | 5 (83.3) | 2.85 (0.32–25.0) | 0.32 |
| Past childbirth | 86 (52.1) | 3 (50.0) | 0.91 (0.18–4.68) | 0.91 |
| Origin | ||||
| European | 138 (83.6) | 3 (50.0) | 5.1 (1.0–26.6) | 0.03 |
| Non-European | 27 (16.4) | 3 (50.0) | ||
| Marital Status | ||||
| Married/In couple | 158 (96.3) | 2 (33.3) | 0.07 (0.012–0.49) | <0.001 |
| Single | 6 (3.7) | 4 (66.7) | ||
| Education level parturient (ISCO-88) | ||||
| None to second level | 73 (49.7) | 4 (66.7) | 0.49 (0.08–2.77) | 0.41 |
| Third and fourth level | 74 (50.3) | 2 (33.3) | ||
| Education level partner (ISCO-88) | ||||
| None to second level | 71 (55.0) | 2 (50.0) | 1.22 (0.16–8.95) | 0.84 |
| Third and fourth level | 58 (45.0) | 2 (50.0) | ||
| Insurance | ||||
| None or standard | 145 (87.9) | 5 (83.3) | 1.45 (0.16–13.05) | 0.73 |
| High Premium | 20 (12.1) | 1 (16.7) | ||
| Anaesthesia-related procedure characteristics | ||||
| Type of anaesthesia | ||||
| General | 6 (3.6) | 0 | - | ┐ |
| Spinal | 100 (60.6) | 5 (83.3) | 1.0 (reference) | 0.52† |
| Spinal-epidural | 59 (35.8) | 1 (16.7) | 0.33 (0.03–2.97) | ┘ |
| Certified anaesthetist | 87 (52.7) | 3 (50.0) | 0.89 (0.17–4.57) | 0.89 |
| Adjuvant to anaesthesia | ||||
| Midazolam, clonidine, ketamine | 18 (10.9) | 1 (16.7) | 1.63 (0.18–14.77) | 0.65 |
| Would have liked additional sedation | 20 (12.3) | 3 (50.0) | 7.10 (1.34–37.61) | 0.008 |
| Poor anaesthesia information(before, during, after procedure) | 21 (13.0) | 1 (16.7) | 1.34 (0.14–12.06) | 0.79 |
| 1st category of factors in PTSD model: Stressful event before or during childbirth | ||||
| Unexpected prematurity | 24 (14.7) | 2 (33.0) | 2.8 (0.5–16.6) | 0.21 |
| Emergency caesarean section | 88 (53.3) | 2 (33.3) | 0.43 (0.07–2.45) | 0.43 |
| Long duration of surgery (>50 min) | 66 (40.2) | 1 (20.0) | 0.37 (0.04–3.39) | 0.36 |
| Maternal prepartum complications | 97 (58.8) | 5 (83,3) | 3.50 (0.40–30.67) | 0.22 |
| Intra/postpartum complications | 103 (62.4) | 5 (83.3) | 3.01 (0.34–26.36) | 0.29 |
| Anaesthetic complication | 17 (10.3) | 2 (33.3) | 4.35 (0.74–25.55) | 0.07 |
| Neonatal complication | 26 (16.8) | 5 (25.0) | 1.65 (0.55–4.95) | 0.36 |
| 2nd category of factors in PTSD model: Subjective appraisal of birth as being possibly traumatic | ||||
| Dissociation during C-section (PDEQ score) | ||||
| Low /Intermediate degree of dissociation | 172 (72.0) | 1 (16.1) | 12.8 (1.46–13.38) | 0.008 |
| High degree of dissociation | 45 (28.0) | 5 (83.3) | ||
| 3rd category of factors in PTSD model:Past morbidity or previous trauma and support from partner | ||||
| Past morbidity or previous trauma | ||||
| Past psychiatric disorder | 18 (11.0) | 1 (16.7) | 0.3 (0.05–3.1) | 0.35 |
| Past traumatic experience | 8 (7.6) | 1 (11.1) | 3.1 (0.3–31.6) | 0.30 |
| Any other somatic disorder | 104 (63.4) | 6 (5.5) | 1.0 (1.01–1.10) | 0.05 |
| Past pregnancy abortion | 76 (46.1) | 2 (33.3) | 0.58 (0.10–3.28) | 0.53 |
| Past caesarean section | 56 (33.9) | 3 (50.0) | 1.94 (0.38–9.95) | 0.41 |
| Support from partner | ||||
| During pregnancy | 158 (96.9) | 6 (100) | 1.0 | 0.63 |
| During caesarean section | 147 (89.6) | 6 (100) | 1.0 | 0.43 |
a Fisher exact test for values < 5
†P value for χ2 test for linear trend
P value <0.05 in bold
┐┘P value of Chi square tests for trend