Table 3.
Univariate analysis for risk factors of acute PTSD profile
| Risk factors | No PTSD-profile n = 155 N (%) | Confirmed PTSD-profile n = 20 N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P value a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics and psycho-social factors | ||||
| Age | ┐ | |||
| < 31 yr | 43 (27.7) | 6 (30.0) | 1 (reference) | 0.88† |
| ≥ 31 yrs. and <35 yrs | 55 (35.5) | 6 (30.0) | 0.78 (0.23–2.59) | ┘ |
| > 36 yrs | 57 (36.8) | 8 (40.0) | 1.0 (0.32–3.11) | |
| Pregnancy | ||||
| Past pregnancy | 100 (64.5) | 12 (60.0) | 0.82 (0.31–2.14) | 0.32 |
| Past childbirth | 81 (52.3) | 7 (35.0) | 0.14 (0.18–1.29) | 0.91 |
| Origin | ||||
| European | 128 (82.6) | 17 (85.0) | 0.83 (0.22–3.05) | 0.78 |
| Non-European | 27 (17.4) | 3 (15.0) | ||
| Marital Status | ||||
| Married/In couple | 148 (96.1) | 18 (90.0) | 0.36 (0.06–1.94) | 0.22 |
| Single | 6 (3.9) | 2 (10.0) | ||
| Education level parturient (ISCO-88) | ||||
| None to second level | 68 (48.9) | 12 (66.7) | 0.47 (0.17–1.34) | 0.15 |
| Third and fourth level | 71 (51.1) | 6 (33.3) | ||
| Education level partner (ISCO-88) | ||||
| None to second level | 66 (54.1) | 9 (60.0) | 0.78 (0.26–2.34) | 0.66 |
| Third and fourth level | 56 (45.9) | 6 (40.0) | ||
| Insurance | ||||
| None or standard | 135 (87.1) | 18 (90.0) | 0.75 (0.16–3.47) | 0.71 |
| High Premium | 20 (12.9) | 2 (10.0) | ||
| Anaesthesia-related procedurecharacteristics | ||||
| Type of anaesthesia | ||||
| General | 5 (3.2) | 2 (10.0) | 1 (reference) | ┐ |
| Spinal | 96 (61.9) | 10 (50.0) | 0.26 (0.04–1.52) | 0.27† |
| Spinal-epidural | 54 (34.8) | 8 (40.0) | 0.37 (0.06–2.24) | ┘ |
| Certified anaesthetist | 81 (52.3) | 11 (55.0) | 1.11 (0.43–2.84) | 0.81 |
| Adjuvant to anaesthesia | ||||
| Midazolam, clonidine, ketamine | 17 (11.0) | 2 (10.0) | 0.90 (0.19–4.23) | 0.89 |
| Would have liked additional sedation | 18 (11.8) | 5 (25.0) | 2.48 (0.80–7.64) | 0.10 |
| Poor anaesthesia information(before, during, after procedure) | 18 (11.8) | 5 (25.0) | 2.48 (0.80–7.64) | 0.10 |
| 1st category of factors in PTSD model:Stressful event before or during childbirth | ||||
| Unexpected prematurity | 22 (14.3) | 4 (21.1) | 1.6 (0.48–5.26) | 0.43 |
| Emergency caesarean section | 80 (51.6) | 13 (65.0) | 1.74 (0.65–4.59) | 0.25 |
| Long duration of surgery (>50 min) | 64 (41.3) | 7 (38.9) | 0.90 (0.33–2.46) | 0.84 |
| Maternal prepartum complications | 88 (56.8) | 17 (85,0) | 4.31 (1.21–15.33) | 0.015 |
| Intra/postpartum maternal complications | 95 (61.3) | 17 (85.0) | 3.57 (1.0–12.73) | 0.03 |
| Anaesthetic complication | 15 (9.7) | 4 (20.0) | 2.33 (0.69–7.88) | 0.16 |
| Neonatal complications | 26 (1.8) | 5 (25.0) | 1.65 (0.55–4.95) | 0.36 |
| 2nd category of factors in PTSD model: Subjective appraisal of birth as being possibly traumatic | ||||
| Dissociation during C-section (PDEQ score) | ||||
| Low degree of dissociation | 57 (37.5) | 2 (10.5) | 1 (reference) | ┐ |
| Intermediate degree of dissociation | 51 (33.6) | 8 (42.1) | 4.47 (0.90–22.03) | 0.02† |
| High degree of dissociation | 44 (28.9) | 9 (47.4) | 5.83 (1.19–28.35) | ┘ |
| 3rd category of factors in PTSD model: Past morbidity or previous trauma and support from partner | ||||
| Past morbidity or previous trauma | ||||
| Past Psychiatric disorder | 18 (11.7) | 1 (5.0) | 0.39 (0.05–3.1) | 0.36 |
| Past traumatic experience | 8 (7.6) | 1 (9.1) | 1.2 (0.13–10.7) | 0.86 |
| Any other somatic disorder | 94 (61.0) | 17 (85.0) | 3.6 (1.01–12.87) | 0.03 |
| Past pregnancy abortion | 73 (47.1) | 7 (35.0) | 0.60 (0.22–1.52) | 0.53 |
| Past caesarean section | 53 (34.2) | 6 (30.0) | 0.82 (0.30–2.27) | 0.70 |
| Support from partner | ||||
| During pregnancy | 149 (97.3) | 19 (95.0) | 0.51 (0.05–4.80) | 0.95 |
| During caesarean section | 138 (89.6) | 18 (90.0) | 1.04 (0.22–4.91) | 0.54 |
a Fisher exact test for values < 5
†P value for χ2 test for linear trend
P value <0.05 in bold
┐┘P value of Chi square tests for trend