Table 1.
Wild and feral species traditionally used for food and medicine in the study area
| Scientific name | UR | Local names | Preparation method | Medicinal use | Parts Used | Purpose | Voucher no. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achillea millefolium L. | 26 | milefiori, milefolium, stolisnik, tausendrož | dried for tea | against amenorrhea, digestive, to strengthen the body, to improve appetite, to treat women’s menopausal symptoms, for the bladder, for the stomach | L, F | Md | 40115 |
| Alcea rosea L. | 1 | slez crveni | dried for tea | diuretic | F | Md | - |
| Allium ampeloprasum L. | 11 | čebula, čebüv, dibji česan, diblji česon, diblji luk, divlji luk, divlji lük, luk, poriluk diblji, purić | fried with eggs, raw as salad, raw for livestock | L, R | Fd | - | |
| Allium ursinum L. | 5 | medvedka, medvjeđi luk | boiled, raw or dried as spice, fried with eggs, raw as salad | L | Fd | - | |
| Allium sp. | 4 | česan, česän, divlji česan | raw, cooked | L, R | Fd | - | |
| Althaea officinalis L. | 10 | beli slez, kapitvanjica, sirići, slez | dried for tea | to clean the sinuses, to calm coughing | F, R, L | Md | - |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. | 7 | diblja blitva, divlji šćir, šćir | boiled, boiled with fennel, dried for tea, soaked in water | veterinary: against diarrhea | S, L | Md & Fd | 41804 |
| Arctium lappa L. | 2 | čičak | dried for tea, macerated | for detoxification, for better hair growth | R, FR | Md | - |
| Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Mey. et Scherb. | 1 | hren | raw as salad | R | Fd | - | |
| Artemisia absinthium L. a | 15 | pelen, pelin | boiled, dried for tea, raw in liqueur | against gastritis, against pneumonia, to treat women’s problems, liver cleaning | L | Md | 40142 |
| Arum maculatum L. | 1 | kozlac | dried for tea or ointment | against haemorrhoids, to treat laryngitis and bronchitis, anti-ulcer, anti-psoriatic | L | Md | 41792 |
| Asparagus acutifolius L. | 39 | diblje šparge, šparge, šparoge, šparuge, šparüge, šporge | boiled with rice, cooked in pasta sauce, dried for tea, fried with eggs, raw or dried as spice | kidney stone relief | W | Md & Fd | - |
| Bellis perennis L. | 2 | margaretice, tratinčica | fried in pancakes | F | Fd | 41803 | |
| Calendula officinalis L. | 1 | neven | raw in ointment | astringent, for healing the skin | F | Md | - |
| Carlina acaulis L. | 2 | beli trn, kravljak, vilino sito | against ageing spots on the skin, for decoration | against age spots | F, L, R | Md | - |
| Carum carvi L. a | 9 | crni kimelj, divlji kimelj, divlji kimen, kimel, kimel divlji, kimen | dried as spice, dried for tea, raw | digestive, anti-flatulence, intestinal colic relief in children | S | Md & Fd | - |
| Castanea sativa Mill. | 3 | divlji kostanj, kostanj, kostanji diblji | raw | anti-rheumatic | FR | Md | - |
| Centaurium erythraea Rafn | 2 | kičica, taušendroža | dried for tea, raw in liqueur | digestive | W | Md | 36736 |
| Chelidonium majus L. a | 4 | mlič, rosopas | dried for tea, raw- cellular juice | anti-warts, against dizziness, against skin cancer | W, L | Md | 41799 |
| Chenopodium album L. | 29 | loboda, lobodà, lübüdá | boiled, boiled with vegetables, fried, fried with eggs, raw as salad, raw for livestock, raw or dried as spice | L, W | Fd | 40132, 40037 | |
| Cichorium intybus L. | 34 | cikorija, diblji radić, diblji redić, divlji radić, konjski radić, radić, vodopija, zajka, ženotrga, žutenka | boiled, boiled with vegetables, fried, as a warm drink, fried with eggs, raw as salad | R, L | Fd | 40033 | |
| Clematis vitalba L. | 20 | ruj, sarabot, škrebut, tartor, trator, trtor | dried for weaving and making a kind of string for tying vineyards, fried with eggs, raw, raw for livestock, raw for weaving | L, W | Fd | 40134 | |
| Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze (syn. Calamintha nepetoides Jord.) | 6 | dibja menta, divlja metica, metica, metvica divlja, divlji bosiljak | dried as spice, dried for tea | sedative, good for stomach | L | Md & Fd | 41807 |
| Cornus mas L.a | 46 | dren, drenići, drenjula, drenjule, drenjüle, drenjuli, drenjulve, drijen, drnjići, drnjole, drnjule, drnjüle, drnjuli, drünjule | cooked as compote or jam, distilled for brandy, dried for tea, fermented as vinegar, processed in wine, raw, raw in liqueur, raw in oil, raw in syrup | FR | Fd | 41788- | |
| Corylus avellana L. | 5 | divlji lešnjaki, lješnjaki | raw | S | Fd | 40125 | |
| Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | 14 | beli gloh, bijeli gloh, bijeli trn, bijeli trnj, brombulje, crveni glog, crveni gloh, divlji glog, glog, glog crni, glog crveni, gloh, košići | cooked as jam, dried for tea, pressed for juice drops, raw in liqueur, raw in ointment | cardiac insufficiency treatment, blood pressure remedy | L, F, FR | Md & Fd | 40113 |
| Daucus carota L. | 8 | divlji merlin, merlin, mrkva | cooked | healing “because of carotene” | R | Md & Fd | 41792 |
| Dioscoraea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin (syn. Tamus communis L.) | 40 | blušć, blüšć, blušt, bljušć, bljušt, bljüšt | fried with eggs, raw as salad, raw for livestock, raw in liqueur, raw or dried as spice | anti-rheumatic | W, R | Md & Fd | 40040 |
| Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. | 19 | dibja rokula, diblja rokula, divlja riga, divlja rokola, divlja rokula, riga, rikula, rohuljica, rokola, rokula, rokulja, rukola | boiled with vegetables, raw | L | Fd | 40041 | |
| Elymus repens (L.) Gould | 2 | pernica, pirika | dried for tea | pain relief, to treat internal diseases | R | Md | 36691 |
| Equisetum arvense L. | 3 | poljska preslica, preslica | dried for tea, raw in bath | diuretic (urine excretor) | L | Md | - |
| Euphorbia cyparissias L. | 2 | mličika, mličina | dried for tea, raw | for disinfection (of water), untreated serious disease, veterinary: wound healing for sheep | L | Md | 41801 |
| Fagus sylvatica L. | 1 | bukva | boiled and mixed with sheep tallow | L | Fd | 41789 | |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | 31 | dibji koromač, komorač, komorač diblji, koromač, kurumač, pitomi koromač | boiled, boiled with vegetables, dried for tea, fried with eggs, raw in liqueur, raw or dried as spice | for digestion | L | Md & Fd | 40032 |
| Fragaria vesca L. | 16 | dibja jagoda, diblja jagoda, divlja jagoda, fragola, fragole, preskavčići, šumska jagoda, treskavac, triskovac | raw, marmelade | FR | Fd | 36787 | |
| Gentiana lutea L. ssp. symphyandra (Murb.) Hayek | 11 | čemerika, encian, lincura, srčanik, šulijan | dissolved in water, raw in liqueur | anti-gout, anti-rheumatic, anti-arthritis | R | Md | 40028 |
| Helianthus tuberosus L. | 1 | čičoka | raw (ground for salad) | anti-diabetes | R | Md | - |
| Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don | 2 | smilje | in olive oil, for skin | for the skin | F, L | Md | 34732 |
| Humulus lupulus L. | 18 | bruškandol, dibji hmelj, divlji hmelj, hmej, hmelj, hmëlj, hmilj, kmiej | boiled with rice, cooked in pasta sauce, raw or dried for soup seasoning, dried for tea, fried with eggs | sedative | L | Md & Fd | 40056 |
| Hypericum perforatum L. | 25 | gospina trava, ivanjska trava, ivanjsko cvijeće, kantariol, kantarion, rože sv. Ivana, rožice sv. Ivana, trava sv. Ivana, trava sv. Marije | dried for tea, macerated, raw in liqueur, raw in oil, raw in ointment | against haemorrhoids, anti-arthritis, to treat burns, sedative, liver cleaning, for the skin, for wounds, for veins, for stomach | F, L | Md | 40140, 40141 |
| Ilex aquifolium L. | 1 | božikovina | dried for tea to treat the flu, digestive | L | Md | - | |
| Iris germanica L. | 2 | špada | dried for tea | R | Md | 41800 | |
| Iris illyrica Tomm. | 2 | lelije, perunika | dried, raw, mixed with other feed | to strengthen the organism of lactating livestock (cows, sheep) | R | Md | 36804 |
| Juglans regia L. a | 16 | orah, oreh, orih | baked in cakes, boiled, raw in liqueur | digestive, appetite stimulant, strengthening organism | L, FR | Md & Fd | 40035 |
| Juniperus communis L. a | 28 | brinj, cupin, smreka, smrekva, smrekva plava, smrika, smrika crna, smrika plava, smrikva, smrikva plava, šmrikva črna, šmrikva plava | chopped raw, cooked in pasta sauce, dried for tea, raw, raw in cream, raw in liqueur, raw in oil, raw or dried as spice, bundled for use as a broom | cold remedy, digestive, anti-diarrheal, anti-rheumatic, vermifuge | FR | Md & Fd | - |
| Juniperus oxycedrus L. | 4 | smrikva crvena, šmrikva crvena, šmrikva krvava | raw in liqueur | digestive, astringent (for digestion) | FR | Md | - |
| Lamium orvala L. | 2 | mrtva kopriva | boiled | W | Fd | 41798 | |
| Laurus nobilis L. | 15 | lavrika, lovor | dried for tea, raw in syrup, raw or dried as spice | cold remedy | L | Md & Fd | 40036 |
| Lavandula angustifolia Mill. | 1 | lavanda | raw in oil | calms irritated skin | L, F | Md | 40039 |
| Linum usitattisimum L. | 1 | lan | dried for tea | anti-stomach problems | S | Md | 36792 |
| Loranthus europaeus Jacq. | 1 | imela žuta | raw in liqueur | panacea | W | Md | - |
| Malus domestica Borkh. | 10 | jaboka, jabučići, jabuka | baked in cakes, fermented as vinegar, raw in syrup | cholesterol reduction | FR | Md & Fd | - |
| Malus sylvestris Mill. a | 24 | dibje jaboke, diblji jabučići, diblji jabuki, divlja jabuka, divljake, divlje jaboke, divlje jabučice, divlji jabučići, lesnauke, lesnjake, lesnjauke, lisnjake, rušvići | cooked as compote, cooked as jam, fermented as vinegar, processed in fruit wine, raw as snack, raw for livestock, raw in liqueur | blood pressure and cholesterol reduction | FR | Md & Fd | 40029 |
| Malva cf. neglecta L.b | 1 | sljez | dried for tea, raw in liqueur | anti-rheumatic | R | Md | 40137 |
| Matricaria chamomilla L. (syn. Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert)a | 8 | kamamila, kamilica, kamomila | dried for tea | sedative, digestive | F, L | Md | - |
| Melissa officinalis L.a | 10 | matičnjak, melisa | dried as spice, dried for tea, fried with eggs, raw in syrup | sedative | L | Md & Fd | - |
| Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. | 19 | menta, metica, metvica | dried for tea, raw in syrup, raw with cheese | for digestion | L | Md & Fd | 40051 |
| Mentha spicata L.c | 4 | kudrava metvica, metvica | dried for tea, raw in syrup | anti-stomach problems | L | Md | 40052 |
| Morus alba L. | 20 | bijela mürva, mrva bela, mrve, murva, mürva, murva bila, mürve bele, mürvice bele | baked in cakes, cooked as jam, raw, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup | as a laxative | FR | Md & Fd | 40129 |
| Morus nigra L. | 10 | črna mürva, mrva črna, murva črna, mürve črne, mürvice črne | raw, raw for livestock | FR, L | Fd | - | |
| Nasturtium officinale R. Br. | 2 | bijela potočarka, potočarka | dried for tea, raw | liver cleansing | L, F | Md | - |
| Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. | 1 | vuk | dried for tea | veterinary: for sheep to remain pregnant | L, F | Md | - |
| Nymphaea alba L. | 1 | lokvanj | raw, on the skin | ulcer extractor | L | Md | - |
| Olea europaea L. a | 2 | maslina | dried for tea, pressed for oil, raw | for general health | L, FR | Md | - |
| Ononis spinosa L. | 5 | budiš, gladeš, gladiš, gladuš, trnjić, zečji trn | dried for tea | diuretic (urine excretor) | R, FR | Md | 35855 |
| Origanum majorana L. | 3 | mažorana, mažurana | dried for tea | sedative | L | Md | - |
| Origanum vulgare L. | 2 | mravinac, oregano, origano | chopped raw, dried, dried for tea | sedative | L | Md | 35619 |
| Paliurus spina-christi Mill. | 2 | drača | fried in fritters | F | Fd | - | |
| Papaver rhoeas L. | 1 | divlji mak | for colouring food | F | Fd | 41797 | |
| Parietaria officinalis L. | 3 | cerkvina, crkvina, šćirica, šćirika | dried for tea | for urinary tract, kidney cleansing, for suppression of bacteria in the urine | L | Md | 40136 |
| Physallis alkekengi L. | 1 | čileanska, peruanska jagoda | raw | FR | Fd | - | |
| Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold | 8 | bor, borić, crni bor | infused in honey, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup | anti-bronchitis, anti-cough, anti-catarrh in the throat, to treat colds and the flu | L, FR | Md | 40112 |
| Plantago lanceolata L. | 13 | bokvica, terputac, traputac, trputac, trputac uskokolisni | dried for tea, raw, raw as salad, raw in syrup | anti-cough, antiseptic, for healing wounds, for toothache, healing wounds, ulcer extractor, for the bronchi | R, L | Md | 41806 |
| Plantago major L.a | 3 | karegica, trputac, trputac širokolisni | raw, raw in syrup | anti-cough, antiseptic, cicatrising (for healing wounds), calms irritated skin | L | Md | 41805 |
| Plantago media L. | 1 | trputac | raw | antiseptic, for healing wounds | L | Md | 40054 |
| Polygala nicaeensis Risso ex Koch | 1 | krestušac | dried | anti-cough, for the bronchi | W | Md | 39189 |
| Portulaca oleracea L. | 6 | portulac, tušć, tušt | raw, raw as salad, raw or dried as spice | L, W | Fd | - | |
| Primula veris L. ssp. columnae (Ten.) Lüdi | 2 | jaglac, jaglac divlji | dried for tea, fried in pancakes | sedative | F | Md & Fd | 36761 |
| Prunus avium L. | 14 | crna trešnja, čerešnje, črešnje, črišnje, diblje črišnje, diva čerešnja, divlje čerešnje, divlje čerešnji, divlje črešnje, divlje črišnje, divlje trešnje, trešnja | dried for tea, raw in liqueur | digestive | L, FR | Md & Fd | 40030 |
| Prunus cerasus L. | 2 | višnja | raw in liqueur | digestive | FR | Md & Fd | 40038 |
| Prunus domestica L. | 24 | amuli, amulinčići, armulini, bila čespa, kreke, kreke bijele, kreke plave, sliva, sljive bijele, šliva, šljiva, šljive bijele, švršvići | cooked as compote, cooked as jam, distilled for brandy, raw, raw in liqueur | FR | Fd | 40038 | |
| Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb | 7 | mandule, menduli, lešniki, lešnjaki, liškanji, lišnjak, | dried for tea | S | Fd | - | |
| Prunus mahaleb L. | 3 | rešeljka, rišeljka | dried for tea | FR | Fd | 40143 | |
| Prunus persica L. var. platycarpa | 4 | breskve, breskvice, vinogradarska breskva, vinogradarske breskve | raw in syrup | FR | Fd | - | |
| Prunus spinosa L. | 31 | brombulići, brumbolje, brumbulje, ciborice, crni trn, crni trnj, češpa, čišpe, črni trn, črni trnj, divlji trn, drnkalići, glog, potrnki, sliva plava, trnina, trnkice | cooked as compote, cooked as jam, dried for tea, raw, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup | cardiac insufficiency treatment, | FR, F | Md & Fd | 40044 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn | 1 | bujad, paprat | boiled | L | Fd | 41794 | |
| Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. | 20 | diblje krušviće, divlja kruška, divlje fruške, divlje fruškvići, divlje kruške, divlje kruškice, divlje krušvice, divlji krušvići, fruške, fruškići, fruškvići, früšvić, hrišvići, krüšvice divlje | cooked as compote, raw in liqueur | FR | Fd | - | |
| Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd. | 8 | dibje kršve, kruške, krüšve, krušvići | baked in cakes, cooked as compote, cooked as jam, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup | FR | Fd | - | |
| Quercus pubescens Willd. | 6 | hrast, hrast dub, želod, želot, žir | dried for tea, raw for livestock | antidiarrhea, nutraceutical | bark, FR | Md & Fd | 40117 |
| Robinia pseudoacacia L. | 13 | akacia, bagrem, diraka, drača, kacia, kacija | fried in fritters, dried for tea, fried, raw in juice, raw in syrup | digestive, anti-flu | F | Md & Fd | 40123, 40048 |
| Rosa canina L.a | 38 | lužar, rožarić, ružarić, sarborić, šipak, šipok, šipók, tovarski bomboni, tovorski bomboni | cooked as jam, dried for tea, raw in syrup | anti-diarrhea | FR | Md & Fd | 40126 |
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. | 14 | rožmarin, ružmarin | boiled, dried for tea, raw or dried as spice | cold remedy, anti-dandruff, rickets treatment | L | Md & Fd | 40034 |
| Rubus caesius L. | 43 | črna jagoda, črna murga, črne maline, jagoda, kupina, kupĺna, ostruge, ribidnica, rubida, rübida, rubidnica, rübidnica | cooked as jam, dried for tea, parboiled, raw, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup | anti-diarrhea, ulcer treatment | L, FR | Md & Fd | 40119 |
| Rubus idaeus L. | 20 | crvene maline, divlje maline, frambe, frambova, frambugi, jagoda, maline, maline šumske, murga, ribidnica | raw, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup | FR | Fd | 40118 | |
| Rumex acetosa L. | 7 | kiseljak, šćav, šćir, šćüav, velika zelena kiselica | boiled, dried for tea, raw, raw for livestock | anti-diarrhea | W, L | Md & Fd | 40138 |
| Ruscus aculeatus L. | 22 | kukavčići, laprinac, leprin, leprinac, leprinj, vaprin, veprin, veprina | for decoration, fried with eggs, raw as salad, raw in liqueur, raw or dried as spice, carpal tunnel massage | W, R, L | Md & Fd | - | |
| Ruta graveolens L.a | 15 | ruda, rüdā, ruta | dried as spice, dried for tea, raw in liqueurs | against dizziness, menstrual problems, nerve disorders, wheezing, stomach problems, rheumatism, gout, skin diseases | L | Md & Fd | 35070 |
| Salvia officinalis L. | 30 | kuš, küš, salvia, savia | boiled in milk, caramelised, dried, raw or dried as spice, dried for tea, infused in honey, raw, raw in liqueur, raw in milk, raw in oil, raw in syrup | anti-tussive, cold remedy, depurative, appetite stimulant | L | Md & Fd | 40131, 40047 |
| Sambucus nigra L.a | 42 | bask, bazak, bazg, bazga, bazgovina, bezga | fried in fritters, cooked as jam, dried for tea, processed in wine, raw, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup | cicatrising | F, FR, L | Md & Fd | 40128 |
| Sanquisorba minor Scop. | 2 | dinjica, krvara | dried for tea, raw as salad | against blood clotting | L, F | Md & Fd | 35949 |
| Satureja montana L. | 16 | bresina, mačešina, mačušina, majčešina, primorski vrijesak, vrijesak, vrisak, vrisak bijeli | dried, dried as spice, dried for tea, raw as salad | for better circulation | W | Md & Fd | 36782, 36781 |
| Satureja subspicata Vis. (agg.) | 3 | majčešina, vrisak crveni | dried, dried for tea | astringent, antiseptic | W | Md | 35952 |
| Sedum sexangulare L. | 2 | majčina dušica žuta, sedum, žednjak | dried for tea, pressed for juice drops | cicatrising (for healing wounds), sedative | L | Md | - |
| Sempervivum tectorum L.a | 16 | bijeli žednik, bobojić, bobujić, čuvarkuća, čuvarkuće, kućni čuvar, netresk, pazikuća, tres | pressed for juice drops, raw in ointment | against earache, ulcer extractor, against haemorrhoids, against herpes zoster and warts | L | Md | 40031 |
| Solidago virgaurea L. | 1 | zlatnica | raw in liqueur | W | Md | - | |
| Sonchus oleraceus L. | 1 | grandicel | boiled with vegetables | L | Fd | 41796 | |
| Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz | 7 | bukovnica, marala, mirala, mukinja | raw (against diarrhea) | anti-diarrhea | FR | Md & Fd | 40139 |
| Sorbus aucuparia L. | 3 | bakovnica, jarebika, makunina | raw (against diarrhea) | anti-diarrhea | FR | Md & Fd | 41802 |
| Sorbus domestica L. | 31 | krušvići, krüšvići, lespuje, mokovina, mokvina, oskoruša, oskorušva, oškoršva, oškorušva, skorušve, skuršve, škoršva, škurše, škuršva, uškoršva | cooked as compote, cooked as jam, dried, dried for tea, raw, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup | anti-diarrhea | FR | Md & Fd | 40053 |
| Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz | 3 | brekuja, brekulje | dried for tea, raw | anti-diarrhea | FR | Md & Fd | - |
| Symphytum officinale L. | 1 | gavez | dried for tea | cicatrising (for healing wounds) | R, F, L | Md | 40133 |
| Taraxacum spp. sect. Ruderaliaa | 40 | diblji radič, divlji radić, jajčar, konjski radič, konjski radić, maslačak, pahlenica, puhlenica, pühlenica, puhljenica, zajka, želtenica, žutenica, žutenice, žutenka, žutevka, žutevnica | boiled, boiled with rice, boiled with vegetables, cooked, cooked as jam, dried for tea, fried with eggs, infused in honey, pickled, raw as salad, raw in syrup, raw or dried as spice | against warts, depurative, kidney stone relief | W, L | Md & Fd | 40135 |
| Teucrium chamaedrys L. | 1 | dubačac, dubica | dried for tea, raw as salad | toothache remedy | L | Md | 37033 |
| Thymus serpyllum agg. (e.g. Thymus longicaulis Presl) | 21 | majčina dušica, timijan, timo | raw or dried as spice, dried for tea, raw as salad, raw in liqueur, raw in ointment | anti-tussive, sedative, skin treatment | L | Md & Fd | 36798, 37031 |
| Tilia platyphyllos Scop. | 26 | lipa | dried for tea, raw in syrup | sedative, cold remedy, anti-scab, irregular heartbeat remedy | L | Md | 40122 |
| Tussilago farfara L. | 4 | lepuh, podbjel, repuh | boiled for livestock, boiled with vegetables | L | Fd | 41790 | |
| Urtica dioica L.a | 41 | kopriva, kupriva, pokriva, pukriva | boiled, boiled with vegetables, cooked with cream, dried for tea,fried with eggs, raw, raw in pancakes, raw in syrup, raw or dried as spice, soaked as fertiliser | depurative, hair treatment, anti-dandruff | L | Md & Fd | 40130 |
| Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. | 1 | brusnice | FR | Fd | - | ||
| Verbascum thapsus L. | 4 | divizma, lopuh, margaretica | dried for tea | anti-tussive, anti-flatulence, menstrual pain relief, sedative | F, L, F | Md | 41795 |
| Viola odorata L. | 1 | ljubičica | fried in pancakes | F | Fd | 41793 | |
| Viscum album L. | 8 | imela, imela bijela | raw in liqueur, raw in syrup | panacea (better than Loranthus) | W | Md | - |
Parts used: F flowers, FR fruits, L leaves or other green parts, R roots, W whole plants, Fd food use, Md medicinal use
ataxa which have also been recorded by Pieroni & Giusti (2006)
bPieroni & Giusti recorded a similar species, Malva sylvestris
cPieroni & Giusti recorded a similar species, Mentha arvensis