Table 4.
Relationship between uses of Euterpe precatoria and E. oleracea (based on palm use-reports) and socioeconomic factors in the 10 Amazonian communities evaluated in Peru (A) and Bolivia (B)
| Euterpe precatoria (Mean ± SD) | Euterpe oleracea (Mean ± SD) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Total palm uses | Construction | Human food | Medicinal and veterinary | Total palm uses | Construction | Human food | Medicinal and veterinary | |
| A. Peru | |||||||||
| Comparison of means (categorical variables) | |||||||||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 152 | 4.0 ± 1.9 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
| Female | 172 | 3.9 ± 1.7 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 1.1 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
| Ethnicity | |||||||||
| Indigenous | 118 | 3.2 ± 2.3 b | 1.9 ± 1.3 b | 1.5 ± 0.8 b | 0.5 ± 0.7 b | 0.5 ± 0.8 a | 0.02 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.7 a | 0.03 ± 0.1 |
| Mestizo | 206 | 4.4 ± 1.3 a | 1.4 ± 0.8 a | 2.0 ± 0.6 a | 1.0 ± 0.6 a | 0.3 ± 1.2 b | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.5 b | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
| Language spoken | |||||||||
| Only native language | 6* | 1.7 ± 1.8 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | - | 0.5 ± 0.5 | - | 0.5 ± 0.5 | - |
| Only Spanish | 252 | 4.6 ± 1.4 a | 1.6 ± 0.9 a | 2.0 ± 0.5 a | 1.0 ± 0.6 a | 0.2 ± 1.1 b | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.4 b | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
| Native language and Spanish | 66 | 1.7 ± 1.4 b | 0.4 ± 0.8 b | 1.2 ± 0.9 b | 0.1 ± 0.4 b | 0.8 ± 0.9 a | 0.03 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.8 a | 0.1 ± 0.2 |
| Migration status | |||||||||
| Non-migrant | 212 | 3.5 ± 1.9 b | 1.1 ± 0.9 b | 1.8 ± 0.8 b | 0.7 ± 0.6 b | 0.4 ± 0.9 b | 0.04 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.6 a | 0.03 ± 0.2 |
| Migrant from other ethnic group in the same ecoregion | 108 | 4.7 ± 1.3 a | 1.8 ± 0.8 a | 1.9 ± 0.5 a | 0.9 ± 0.7 a | 0.2 ± 1.2 a | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.4 b | 0.1 ± 0.4 |
| Migrant from other ecoregion | 4* | 6.3 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 b | 1.7 ± 3.5 | 0.7 ± 1.5 | 0.7 ± 1.5 | 0.3 ± 0.5 |
| Farm animal | |||||||||
| No animals | 28 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.03 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 1.1 | - |
| Subsistence livestock | 294 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 1.0 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
| Commercial livestock | 2* | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 5.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 |
| Tools | |||||||||
| Low cost | 58 | 2.5 ± 1.7 b | 0.6 ± 0.7 c | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.5 b | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.03 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.02 ± 0.1 |
| Average cost | 239 | 4.2 ± 1.7 a | 1.4 ± 0.9 b | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.7 a | 0.3 ± 1.2 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
| High cost | 27 | 4.9 ± 1.5 a | 2.1 ± 1.0 a | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.6 a | 0.2 ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.04 ± 0.2 |
| Transport | |||||||||
| No transport | 88 | 2.3 ± 1.8 b | 0.6 ± 0.8 b | 1.4 ± 0.9 b | 0.3 ± 0.5 b | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.01 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.7 a | 0.03 ± 0.2 |
| Fuel | |||||||||
| No fuel consumption | 108 | 4.6 ± 1.4 a | 1.6 ± 0.9 a | 2.1 ± 0.5 a | 0.9 ± 0.6 a | 0.2 ± 1.1 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.5 b | 0.03 ± 0.2 |
| Low fuel consumption | 119 | 4.6 ± 1.4 a | 1.7 ± 0.9 a | 1.9 ± 0.5 a | 0.9 ± 0.6 a | 0.3 ± 1.2 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.5 b | 0.1 ± 0.4 |
| High fuel consumption | 9* | 4.7 ± 2.3 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 0.7 ± 1.0 | - | 0.7 ± 1.0 | - |
| House construction materials | |||||||||
| Local plant materials ≥50% | 274 | 4.1 ± 1.7 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.02 ± 0.2 |
| Mixed material ≥50% | 2* | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | - | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | - |
| Foreign commercial materials ≥50% | 48 | 3.4 ± 2.3 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.6 ± 1.6 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 0.6 |
| Pearson correlation (continuous variables) | |||||||||
| Age | 324 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.06 | −0.09 | −0.01 | −0.1 | 0.02 |
| Size of family (number of children) | 324 | 0.1 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.09 | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.04 |
| Time in residence (years) | 324 | −0.02 | −0.09 | 0.03 | 0.05 | −0.1 | −0.04 | −0.1 | 0.03 |
| Education | 324 | −0.11 | −0.12 | −0.09 | −0.07 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.1 | 0.04 |
| Farm size (ha) | 324 | 0.15 | 0.17 | −0.001 | 0.16 | −0.02 | 0.08 | −0.02 | 0.05 |
| House size (m2) | 324 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.3 | −0.13 | 0.16 | −0.14 | 0.12 |
| B. Bolivia | |||||||||
| Comparison of means (categorical variables) | |||||||||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 79 | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 0.04 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.01 ± 0.1 |
| Female | 80 | 4.4 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 0.67 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.01 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.01 ± 0.1 |
| Ethnicity | |||||||||
| Indigenous | 81 | 4.0 ± 1.3 b | 1.5 ± 0.6 b | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.6 b | 0.01 ± 0.1 b | - | 0.01 ± 0.1 b | - |
| Mestizo | 78 | 5.1 ± 0.6 a | 1.9 ± 0.5 a | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 a | 0.9 ± 1.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.8 a | 0.03 ± 0.2 |
| Language spoken | |||||||||
| Only native language | 12 | 3.2 ± 1.9 c | 1.4 ± 0.7 b | 1.6 ± 0.9 b | 0.2 ± 0.4 c | - | - | - | - |
| Only Spanish | 73 | 5.0 ± 0.6 a | 1.9 ± 0.5 a | 2.1 ± 0.3 a | 1.1 ± 0.3 a | 0.9 ± 1.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.7 a | 0.03 ± 0.2 |
| Native language and Spanish | 74 | 4.3 ± 1.2 b | 1.6 ± 0.7 b | 2.1 ± 0.5 a | 0.6 ± 0.5 b | 0.1 ± 0.3 b | - | 0.1 ± 0.3 b | - |
| Migration status | |||||||||
| Non-migrant | 84 | 4.1 ± 1.2 b | 1.5 ± 0.6 b | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.6 b | 0.01 ± 0.1 b | - | 0.01 ± 0.1 b | - |
| Migrant from other ethnic group in the same ecoregion | 71 | 5.0 ± 0.6 a | 1.9 ± 0.4 a | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 a | 0.9 ± 1.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.7 a | 0.03 ± 0.2 |
| Migrant from other ecoregion | 4* | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | - | 0.5 ± 1.0 | - |
| Farm animal | |||||||||
| No animals | 7* | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.9 | - | 1.0 ± 1.0 | - |
| Subsistence livestock | 145 | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.01 ± 0.1 |
| Commercial livestock | 7* | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | - | 1.1 ± 0.9 | - |
| Tools | |||||||||
| Low cost | 3* | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 1.5 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | - | 0.3 ± 0.6 | - |
| Average cost | 139 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.7 b | 0.01 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.6 b | 0.01 ± 0.1 |
| High cost | 17 | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 1.2 a | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 1.0 a | - |
| Transport | |||||||||
| No transport | 22 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.63 | - | 0.3 ± 0.6 | - |
| No fuel consumption | 53 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | - | 0.2 ± 0.4 | - |
| Low fuel consumption | 80 | 4.5 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.0. ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.03 ± 0.01 |
| High fuel consumption | 4* | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.01 | - | 2.2 ± 0.0 | - |
| House construction materials | |||||||||
| Local plant materials ≥50% | 146 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.01 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.01 ± 0.1 |
| Mixed material ≥50% | 4* | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | - | 1.5 ± 0.6 | - |
| Foreign commercial materials ≥50% | 9* | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 1.4 | 0.2 ± 0.7 | 0.4 ± 0.9 | - |
| Pearson correlation (continuous variables) | |||||||||
| Age | 159 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.07 | 0.33 | 0.2 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 0.01 |
| Size of family (number of children) | 159 | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.08 | 0.34 | 0.07 |
| Time in residence (years) | 159 | −0.09 | −0.12 | 0.16 | −0.15 | −0.26 | −0.07 | −0.26 | −0.05 |
| Education | 159 | −0.09 | −0.16 | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.08 |
| Farm size (ha) | 159 | 0.13 | 0.11 | −0.16 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.16 |
| House size (m2) | 159 | −0.03 | −0.02 | −0.05 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.13 |
Letters (a, b, c) indicate significantly different means based on a MANOVA analysis and its corresponding post hoc Tukey test (p < 0.05), with the levels indicated by different letters showing significant differences. (*) Levels with less than 10 replicas were not included in the analyses