Table 5.
Relationship between two subcategories of Human food use of Euterpe precatoria and E. oleracea (based on palm use-reports) and socioeconomic factors in the 10 Amazonian communities evaluated in Peru and Bolivia
| n | PERU | n | BOLIVIA | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Euterpe precatoria | Euterpe oleracea | Euterpe precatoria | Euterpe oleracea | |||||||
| Beverages | Food | Beverages | Food | Beverages | Food | Beverages | Food | |||
| Comparison of means (categorical variables) | ||||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | 152 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.02 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 79 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
| Female | 172 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.03 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 80 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Indigenous | 118 | 0.4 ± 0.5 b | 1.1 ± 0.7 | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | 81 | 0.9 ± 0.3 b | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.01 ± 0.1 b | - |
| Mestizo | 206 | 0.8 ± 0.4 a | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.04 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.03 b | 78 | 0.9 ± 0.2 a | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.4 a | 0.3 ± 0.4ª |
| Language spoken | ||||||||||
| Only native language | 6* | - | 1.3 ± 0.8 | - | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 12 | 0.7 ± 0.5 b | 0.8 ± 0.6 b | - | - |
| Only Spanish | 252 | 0.8 ± 0.4 a | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.03 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.3 b | 73 | 0.9 ± 0.2 a | 1.1 ± 0.2 b | 0.5 ± 0.4 a | 0.3 ± 0.4 a |
| Native language and Spanish | 66 | 0.1 ± 0.2 b | 1.2 ± 0.9 | - | 0.7 ± 0.8 a | 74 | 0.9 ± 0.3 ab | 1.2 ± 0.4 a | 0.04 ± 0.2 b | 0.03 ± 0.2 b |
| Migration status | ||||||||||
| Non-migrant | 212 | 0.6 ± 0.5 b | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.01 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.6 a | 84 | 0.9 ± 0.3 b | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.01 ± 0.1 b | - |
| Migrant from other ethnic group in the same ecoregion | 108 | 0.8 ± 0.4 a | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.04 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.2 b | 71 | 0.9 ± 0.1 a | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.4 a | 0.3 ± 0.5 |
| Migrant from other ecoregion | 4* | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 4* | 1.0 ± 0.01 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.5 |
| Farm animal | ||||||||||
| No animals | 28 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | - | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 7* | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.5 |
| Subsistence livestock | 294 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.02 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 145 | 0.9 ± 0.02 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
| Commercial livestock | 2* | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 7* | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 |
| Tools | ||||||||||
| Low cost | 58 | 0.3 ± 0.5 b | 1.3 ± 0.7 | - | 0.4 ± 0.6 a | 3* | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | - |
| Average cost | 239 | 0.7 ± 0.5 a | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.03 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.5 ab | 139 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 b |
| High cost | 27 | 0.8 ± 0.4 a | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.04 ± 0.2 | 0.04 ± 0.2 b | 17 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.4 a | 0.5 ± 0.5 a |
| Transport | ||||||||||
| No transport | 88 | 0.2 ± 0.4 b | 1.2 ± 0.1 | - | 0.5 ± 0.7 a | 22 | 1.0 ± 0.05 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 ab |
| No fuel consumption | 108 | 0.8 ± 0.4 a | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.03 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.3 b | 53 | 0.9 ± 0.03 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.02 ± 0.1 b |
| Low fuel consumption | 119 | 0.8 ± 0.4 a | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.04 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.3 b | 80 | 0.9 ± 0.03 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 a |
| High fuel consumption | 9* | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | - | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 4* | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 |
| House construction materials | ||||||||||
| Local plant materials ≥50% | 274 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.02 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 146 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
| Mixed material ≥50% | 2* | - | 2.0 ± 0.0 | - | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 4* | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.6 |
| Foreign commercial materials ≥50% | 48 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 0.04 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 9* | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 |
| Pearson correlation (continuous variables) | ||||||||||
| Age | 324 | 0.02 | 0.1 | −0.03 | −0.1 | 159 | 0.23 | −0.09 | 0.19 | 0.13 |
| Size of family (number of children) | 324 | 0 | 0.21 | −0.1 | −0.07 | 159 | 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.33 | 0.26 |
| Time in residence (years) | 324 | −0.01 | −0.12 | 0.01 | −0.1 | 159 | −0.02 | 0.21 | −0.27 | −0.12 |
| Education | 324 | −0.07 | 0.07 | −0.02 | 0.1 | 159 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.12 |
| Farm size (ha) | 324 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 0.07 | −0.03 | 159 | −0.02 | −0.14 | 0.17 | 0.2 |
| House size (m2) | 324 | 0.33 | 0.16 | 0.11 | −0.15 | 159 | 0.02 | −0.09 | 0.02 | 0.19 |
Letters (a, b, c) indicate significantly different means based on a MANOVA analysis and its corresponding post hoc Tukey test (p < 0.05), with the levels indicated by different letters showing significant differences. (*) Levels with less than 10 replicas, not included in the analyses