Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of gambling subtypes. Data are displayed as mean (standard deviation) or number of cases [% of group]. MANOVA refers to main effect of group. Post hoc tests were conducted when there was a main effect of group for a measure.
| Latent classification group |
MANOVA, main effect of group |
Post hoc tests |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or N [%] | ||||||||
| Recreational gamblers (Rec) (N = 361) | Problem gamblers (Prob) (N = 161) | Pathological gamblers (Path) | F | p | RecvPath | RecvProb | ProbvPath | |
| (N = 59) | ||||||||
| Age, years | 21.6 (3.4) | 22.9 (3.6) | 24.7 (3.2) | 15.5 | < 0.001 | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎ |
| Sex male, n (%) | 236 [65.4%] | 103 [64.0%] | 42 [71.2%] | 0.07 | 0.937 | |||
| Ethnicity Caucasian, n [%] | 301 [83.4%] | 96 [59.6%] | 31 [52.5%] | 28.49 | < 0.001 | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎ |
| Employed or enrolled in education, n [%] | 326 [90.3%] | 143 [88.9%] | 43 [72.9%] | 0.26 | 0.796 | |||
| Quality of life t-score | 47.8 (10.3) | 44.1 (12.0) | 41.8 (16.7) | 5.33 | 0.005 | ⁎⁎ | ⁎ | ns |
| First-degree relative with an addiction, n [%] | 81 [22.4%] | 67 [41.6%] | 34 [57.6%] | 8.45 | < 0.001 | ⁎⁎ | ⁎ | ns |
| Presence of one or more mainstream mental disorders on MINI, n [%] | 97 [26.9%] | 77 [47.8%] | 37 [62.7%] | 12.09 | < 0.001 | ⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎ | ns |
| Presence of one or more impulse control disorders on MIDI, n [%] [besides gambling disorder] | 9 [2.5%] | 19 [11.8%] | 10 [16.9%] | 10.77 | < 0.001 | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎ | ⁎⁎ |
| SCI-GD total score (number of DSM-5 criteria met) | 0.33 (0.56) | 1.85 (1.24) | 6.37 (1.53) | 807.28 | < 0.001 | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ |
| Amount lost to gambling past year, $ | 626.8 (3023.9) | 1517.0 (3061.7) | 5441.1 (7413.0) | 21.34 | < 0.001 | ⁎⁎⁎ | ns | ⁎⁎⁎ |
| Number of times alcohol consumed per week | 1.32 (1.40) | 1.44 (1.44) | 2.05 (1.80) | 0.52 | 0.595 | |||
| Nicotine consumption, packs per day equivalent | 0.08 (0.22) | 0.17 (0.34) | 0.30 (0.43) | 8.94 | < 0.001 | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎ | ⁎⁎ |
MINI = Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory; MIDI = Minnesota Impulse Disorder Inventory; SCI-GD = Structured Clinical Interview for Gambling Disorder. MANOVA: due to the significant group difference for age in the initial MANOVA, age was included as a covariate for the MANOVA data reported here for variables other than age. Post hoc tests are least significant difference (LSD) tests, ns non-significant.
For non-parametric variables or where normality was violated, the overall qualitative pattern of significant results was confirmed using equivalent non-parametric tests.
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001.