Table 2.

Personality-related impulsivity, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and cognitive characteristics of gambling subtypes. Data are displayed as mean (standard deviation) or number of cases [% of group]. MANOVA refers to main effect of group. Post hoc tests were conducted when there was a main effect of group for a measure.

	Latent classification group			MANOVA, main effect of group		Post hoc tests
	Mean (SD) or N [%]
	Recreational gamblers (Rec) (N = 361)	Problem gamblers (Prob) (N = 161)	Pathological gamblers (Path)	F	p	RecvPath	RecvProb	ProbvPath
			(N = 59)
Personality-related measures
Barratt attentional impulsivity	16.4 (3.9)	17.5 (4.2)	17.7 (4.2)	7.1	0.001	⁎	⁎⁎	ns
Barratt motor impulsivity	22.9 (4.4)	24.9 (4.6)	26.4 (5.3)	15.31	< 0.001	⁎⁎⁎	⁎⁎⁎	ns
Barratt non-planning impulsivity	23.3 (5.1)	25.4 (5.3)	26.5 (5.3)	12.61	< 0.001	⁎⁎⁎	⁎⁎⁎	ns
Padua compulsivity total score	17.1 (49.1)	20.6 (17.1)	34.5 (29.0)	2.56	0.078
Cognitive measures
CGT overall proportion of points bet	0.51 (0.14)	0.58 (0.13)	0.62 (0.12)	19.88	< 0.001	⁎⁎⁎	⁎⁎⁎	ns
CGT quality of decision-making	0.96 (0.08)	0.93 (0.10)	0.91 (0.09)	7.98	< 0.001	⁎⁎	⁎⁎	ns
CCT risk adjustment	1.84 (1.21)	1.156 (1.07)	0.79 (1.02)	22.77	< 0.001	⁎⁎⁎	⁎⁎⁎	ns
SST stop-signal reaction time, msec	176.0 (55.4)	192.8 (75.8)	188.0 (75.9)	2.57	0.077	ns	⁎	ns
IED total errors (adjusted)	9.4 (9.7)	10.7 (10.2)	15.0 (10.6)	5.86	0.003	⁎⁎	ns	⁎

Age was included as a covariate for the MANOVA data reported here. Post hoc tests are least significant difference (LSD) tests, ns non-significant.

For non-parametric variables or where normality was violated, the overall qualitative pattern of significant results was confirmed using equivalent non-parametric tests.

^⁎p < 0.05.

^⁎⁎p < 0.01.

^⁎⁎⁎p < 0.001.