Table 4.
General summary of the systematic review
| Muscle mass | Muscle strength | Physical performance | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significant increase with exercises | Significant added effect with nutrition | Significant increase with exercises | Significant added effect with nutrition | Significant increase with exercises | Significant added effect with nutrition | |
| Protein | 11/12 RCTs | 3/12 RCTs | 12/12 RCTs | 3/12 RCTs | 9/9 RCTs | 0/9 RCTs |
| EAA | 2/3 RCTs | 0/3 RCTs | 2/3 RCTs | 0/3 RCTs | 2/2 RCTs (only for SPPB and TUG) | 0/2 RCTs |
| HMB | 3/3 RCTs | 1/3 RCTs | 2/3 RCTs | 0/3 RCTs | 2/2 RCTs (only for TUG) | 0/2 RCTs |
| Multi-nutrient | 2/4 RCTs | 0/4 RCTs | 3/5 RCTs | 1/5 RCTs | 3/4 RCTs | 0/4 RCTs |
| Creatine | 5/5 RCTs | 4/5 RCTs | 5/5 RCTs | 4/5 RCTs (for some of muscle strength outcomes) | 3/4 RCTs | 1/4 RCTs |
| Vitamin D | 0/1 RCTs | 0/1 RCTs | 2/2 RCTs | 0/2 RCTs | 2/2 RCTs (for some of physical performance outcomes) | 1/2 RCTs (only for TUG) |
| Other | 4/6 RCTs | 0/6 RCTs | 3/5 RCTs | 0/5 RCTs | 4/5 RCTs | 2/5 RCTs |
RCTs randomized controlled trials, SPPB short physical performance battery, TUG timed up and go