TABLE 1. QIs for Pain Management in the Participating Neonatal Intensive Care Units^a.

		Calculation Method
QI	Description	Numerator	Denominator
1	Pain is monitored regularly by measuring vital signs	Number of patients who received regular pain monitoring during each shift by measuring vital signs	Number of hospitalized patients
2	Factors influencing the pain reaction are included in the pain assessment	Number of skin punctures with a pain assessment including factors influencing the pain reaction	Total number of skin punctures
3	A pain measurement has been performed	Number of skin punctures with a pain measurement	Total number of skin punctures
4	Nonpharmacological pain relief measures have been implemented	Number of skin punctures with nonpharmacological pain relief measures	Total number of skin punctures
5	The need for tracheal suctioning has been assessed	Number of patients who were assessed for the need for tracheal suctioning at each shift	Total number of patients
6	An explanation of the use of invasive procedures and pain relief measures has been provided to the parents/guardians	Number of patients whose parents/guardians received an explanation of invasive procedures and pain relief measures	Total number of patients
7	A pain care conference has been held with staff and related parties	Number of patients whose parent/guardians had a pain care conference with medical staff	Number of discharged patients
8	Medical staff have been provided with training on pain management	Number of nurses and physicians who have participated in annual hospital training for pain management	Total number of nurses and physicians
9	One person is in charge of coordinating training on pain management	Presence vs absence
10	Individual pain management plans have been developed within 48 h of hospitalization	Number of patients for whom an individual pain management plan has been developed, including the content of invasive procedures after birth, pain response to the invasive procedures, which pain tool was used to measure pain, and evaluation of the effect of pain relief within 48 h of hospitalization	Number of hospitalized patients
11	An institutional protocol including pain assessment, pain prevention, and pain relief has been developed	Presence vs absence
12	There is an organizational audit for pain management	Presence vs absence

Abbreviation: QI, quality indicator.

^aQIs 1-8, 10: QI implementation proportion (%) = numerator/denominator × 100. QIs 9, 11, and 12: QI implementation = presence or absence.