FIG. 8. Sonodynamic therapy using IR780 (A) Schema showing the action of IR780 in releasing ROS using a sonodynamic transducer. Upon receiving US, IR780 that had accumulated in the tumor cells would receive US energy. When in the excited-state, IR780 restored back to the ground-state and releasing energy; ¹O₂ and H₂O absorb the released energy and changed into ¹O₂ and H₂O₂. The superfluous ¹O₂ and H₂O₂ would subsequently cause the apoptosis and necrosis of tumor cells. (B) Quantification of ROS release by the DCF-DA assay in 4T1 cancer cells for ¹O₂ (a), H₂O₂ (b), and ·OH (c). (C) Cell viability analysis of 4T1 breast cancer cells incubated with PBS, 4µM, 10µM, or 16µM of IR780. 4T1 breast cancer cells were incubated with PBS or IR780 and then administered with US for 0 s, 20 s, or 40 s. Twenty-four hours later, the levels of ¹O₂ were evaluated. (D) Photograph of 4T1 tumors removed from mice 30 days after the tumor-bearing mice were treated by SDT with IR780. Figure images and accompanying legend are reproduced from (60). Copyright © 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited.