1. Summary of all index tests.
| Index Test Name | Manufacturer | Methods | Formats | Biological specimen | Threshold for positivity values | Number of evaluations |
| TUBEX® TF | IDL Biotech, Bromma, Sweden | Inhibition Binding Magnetic Immunoassay. Detects IgM to S. Typhi O9 antigen. Semi‐quantitative colorimetric. | Mix buffer/reagent into plastic well with patient specimen. 3 minutes for result. | Whole blood, plasma, or serum | Semi‐quantitative colour change scale (0 to 10) provided by manufacturer. Positive if colour change scale ≥ 3. | 14 |
| Typhidot® | Malaysian Bio‐Diagnostics Research, Selangor, Malaysia | Dot‐enzyme immunoassay. Detects IgG and IgM to 50 kdA S. Typhi Outer Membrane Protein (OMP) antigen. | Mix serum/whole blood plus reagent incubating commercially‐prepared pre‐dotted antigen filter paper strips. 60 minutes for result. | Whole blood, plasma, or serum | Qualitative: either positive or negative. A positive result is a visible reaction (IgG or IgM) of an intensity equal to or greater than that of the control reaction on the commercially prepared filter paper. | 17 |
| Typhidot‐M® | Malaysian Bio‐Diagnostics Research, Selangor, Malaysia | Dot‐enzyme immunoassay. Detects IgM to 50 kdA S. Typhi OMP antigen. | Mix serum/whole blood plus reagent incubating commercially‐prepared pre‐dotted antigen filter paper strips. 60 minutes for result. | Whole blood, plasma, or serum | Qualitative: either positive or negative. Positive as per Typhidot. The absence of any visible spot indicated a negative test result. | 6 |
| TyphiRapid Tr‐02 (Typhidot) | Reszon Diagnostics International, Malaysia | Prototype of Typhidot. Immunochromatography assay. Detects IgM to 50 kdA S. Typhi OMP antigen. |
Mix serum/whole blood plus buffer/reagent into a well. | Whole blood, plasma, or serum | We were unable to get hold of the manufacturer and are awaiting a response from the study author | 1 |
| KIT ICT Test‐It TyphoidTM | LifeAssay Diagnostics, Cape Town, South Africa | Lateral flow immunochromatographic (ICT) assay. Detects IgM to S. Typhi lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen. Semi‐quantitative. | Mix serum/whole blood plus buffer/reagent into lateral flow cassette. Two‐site (test and control) immunoassay on a porous nitrocellulose membrane. 15 minutes for result. | Whole blood, plasma, or serum | Semi‐quantitative result line intensity scale (negative to +4) provided by manufacturer. A positive result is ≥ +1 | 3 |
| KIT Dipstick Assay | Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam | Detects IgM to S. Typhi LPS antigen. Simplified version of ELISA technique. | Strip of nitrocellulose membrane with immobilized antigen detection band. Serum plus reagent incubated on dipstick for 3 hours at room temperature. Dipsticks rinses with water and dried. >3 hours for result. | Serum | Semi‐quantitative result line intensity scale (negative to +4) provided by manufacturer. A positive result is ≥ +1 | 5 |
| KIT Dri‐Dot Assay (latex agglutination) |
Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam | Detects IgM to S. Typhi LPS antigen. White agglutination card. | Dot of dried detection reagent conjugated to blue latex reagent. Antigen‐activated latex stabilized by drying a drop of latex reagent onto card suspended in serum. Card rotated by hand in near‐horizontal position to further induce agglutination. 30 seconds for result. | Serum | Qualitative: positive or negative. Positive when agglutination was observed within 30 seconds. Negative when no agglutination was observed. | 1 |
| SD Bioline Salmonella typhi IgG/IgM Fast | Standard Diagnostics Inc., Gyeonggi, Korea | ICT flow method. Detects IgM and IgG antibodies to unspecified S. Typhi antigens. | 4 drops of reagent mixed well with patient specimen. Nitrocellulose strip suspended into with 3 sites (IgM, IgG, and control). 30 minutes for result. | Serum, plasma, or whole blood |
Qualitative: positive or negative. Positive if line appears in both control and 1 or both of IgM or IgG test zones. | 3 |
| Enterocheck WB® | Zephyr Biologicals, Goa, India | ICT Detects IgM antibodies to S. Typhi LPS antigen. |
Two‐site (IgM test, and control) immunoassay cassette on a porous nitrocellulose membrane. 15 minutes for result. | Whole blood, plasma, or serum | Qualitative: positive or negative. Presence of a line in both the test and control zones indicates a positive result. | 2 |
| Enteroscreen ® | Zephyr Biologicals, Goa, India | ICT Detects IgM and IgG antibodies to S. Typhi LPS antigen. |
Three‐site (IgG, IgM, and control) immunoassay cassette on a porous nitrocellulose membrane. 15 minutes for result. | Whole blood, plasma, or serum | Qualitative: positive or negative. Presence of a line in both the test (IgG, IgM, or both) and control zones indicates a positive result. | 1 |
| Multi‐test Dip‐S‐Tick | PanBio Inc., Columbia, Maryland, USA | Tests for five pathogens, including S. Typhi. Dipstick format that detects anti‐O, anti‐H,anti‐Vi, IgM, or IgG antibodies. | Detailed information not available | Heparinized whole blood, serum, or plasma | Detailed information not available | 1 |
| Mega Salmonella | Mega Diagnostics, Los Angeles, California, USA | Detect IgG and IgM antibodies to unspecified Salmonella antigens. Quantitatively detected by ELISA with peroxidase‐labelled reagents. | Results read in a microplate ELISA reader. | Whole blood, serum, or plasma | Detailed information not available | 1 |
| OnSite Typhoid IgG/IgM Combo | CTK Biotech Inc., San Diego, California, USA | Lateral flow immunoassay. Detects IgG and IgM antibodies against recombinant O and H S. Typhi antigens. |
Three‐site (IgG, IgM, and control) immunoassay cassette on a porous nitrocellulose membrane. 15 minutes for result. | Whole blood, serum, or plasma | Qualitative: positive or negative. Presence of a line in both the test (IgG, IgM, or both) and control zones indicates a positive result. | 2 |
Abbreviations: immunochromatographic (ICT); immunoglobulin‐G (IgG); immunoglobulin‐M (IgM); Tropical Institute, Amsterdam (KIT); lipopolysaccharide (LPS); outer membrane protein (OMP).