Dutta 2006.
| Study characteristics | |||
| Patient sampling | Prospective multicentre study as part of a community‐based typhoid surveillance study and mass vaccination programme Healthcare setting: primary, secondary, and tertiary (7 health outposts in total) Point of recruitment: inpatient and outpatient |
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| Patient characteristics and setting | Countries: India Level of typhoid endemicity (Crump 2004): high Age: not specified Gender distribution: not specified Entry criteria: fever ≥ 3 days Sample size: 6697 plus 172 healthy controls. Only a subset of participants had TUBEX or Typhidot testing. Control participants for 2x2 were based on febrile participants and did not include healthy controls. |
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| Index tests | TUBEX Typhidot |
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| Target condition and reference standard(s) | Target condition: Salmonella Typhi Reference standard: peripheral blood culture |
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| Flow and timing | Community‐based typhoid surveillance study and mass vaccination programme. Timing of sample testing unclear. | ||
| Comparative | |||
| Notes | Not all patients received the same index test. If Salmonella Paratyphi was isolated, study authors classified this as a true negative. If a participant was both blood culture‐positive and malaria film‐positive, the study authors excluded them from the analysis (n = 1). Study authors only included a small number or participants in the analysis. |
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| Methodological quality | |||
| Item | Authors' judgement | Risk of bias | Applicability concerns |
| DOMAIN 1: Patient Selection | |||
| Was a consecutive or random sample of patients enrolled? | Yes | ||
| Was a case‐control design avoided? | Yes | ||
| Did the study avoid inappropriate exclusions? | No | ||
| Low | Low | ||
| DOMAIN 2: Index Test All tests | |||
| Were the index test results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the reference standard? | Unclear | ||
| If a threshold was used, was it pre‐specified? | Yes | ||
| High | High | ||
| DOMAIN 3: Reference Standard | |||
| Is the reference standards likely to correctly classify the target condition? | No | ||
| Were the reference standard results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the index tests? | Unclear | ||
| Low | Low | ||
| DOMAIN 4: Flow and Timing | |||
| Was there an appropriate interval between index test and reference standard? | Unclear | ||
| Did all patients receive the same reference standard? | No | ||
| Were all patients included in the analysis? | No | ||
| High | |||