Table 1.
In Vitro and in vivo studies presenting the osteogenic effects of ECM-derived peptides
| Active peptides | Abbreviation | Composition | Binding sites | Upregulation / Downregulation of proteins or genes | Final functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PepGen P-15 | P-15 | 15 amino acids | type I collagens-binding sites | upregulating the expression of ALP, BMP-2, BMP-7; RUNX2, COL1, OSTRX and BSP; a2 integrin | upregulating proliferation and osteogenic differentiation; cell attachment, migration and survival; extracellular matrix production | 14–16, 20 |
| arginyl-glycyl- aspartic acid | RGD | 3 amino acids | integrin-binding sites | upregulating the expression of ALP, RUNX2, osteocalcin, osteopontin and BSP; Sox9, Aggrecan, fibronectin and clloagen II | upregulation proliferation; osteogenic differentiation and mineralization; cell attachment and survival | 21–25 |
| Ser-Val-Val-Tyr- Gly-Leu-Arg | SVVYGLR | 7 amino acids | RGD-binding sites | upregulating αvβ3 integrin; suppressing NFAT activity and expression of osteoclastogenesis-related mRNAs | upregulating proliferation and neovascularization; angiogenesis and osteogenesis; adhesion, migration and tube formation of endothelial cells | 26–28 |
| glycine-phenylalanine- hydroxyproline-arginine | GFOGER | 4 amino acids | α2β1 integrin-binding sites | upregulating α2β1 integrin binding | upregulating differentiation, bone regeneration and osseointegration | 29–32 |
| Asp-Gly-Glu-Ala | DGEA | 4 amino acids | α2β1 integrin-binding sites | upregulating ALP | cell adhesion, spreading and osteogenic differentiation | 33–37 |
| collagen-binding motif | CBM | 28 amino acids | collagen-binding sites | inducing sustained activation of ERK; the transactivation of SRE, CRE, and AP-1; expression of type X collagen | upregulating bone-related cell adhesion and growth; osteogenic differentiation | 38–39 |
| lysine-arginine- serine-arginine | KRSR | 4 amino acids | heparin-binding sites | upregulating osteogenic gene expression | upregulating bone-related cell spreading, adhesion and mineralization | 40–46 |
| Phe-His-Arg-Arg- Ile-Lys-Ala | FHRRIKA | 10 amino acids | putative heparin-binding sites | – | upregulating bone-related cell spreading, adhesion and mineralization | 47, 48 |
| Fibronectin-derived peptides | FN-derived peptides | 7 amino acids | – | – | upregulating bone-related cell spreading, adhesion and mineralization | 49–51 |