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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurobiol Aging. 2016 Oct 11;49:165–182. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.10.003

Fig. 10.

Fig. 10

Effect of LLI on cytosolic content of cytochrome c, the activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and consequent apoptosis following Aβ injection. (A) Cytosolic levels of cytochrome c (Cyt c) in hippocampal CA1 region were examined by Western blotting and quantitative analyses (n = 4–5 in each group). (B and C) Caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities were measured by a fluorometric substrate assay using cytosolic proteins from CA1 region, as detailed in the Section 2. (D and E) Brain sections were subjected to immunostaining with an antibody against the active form of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 (Cle-caspase 3, a–c in D), as well as the TUNEL staining (a–c in E). Representative images representing 5–6 animals in each group are shown. Scale bars: 50 μm. Cell-counting studies showed significant increases in the numbers of active-caspase 3 positive cells (d in D) and TUNEL-positive cells (d in E) in Aβ-treated animals compared with the control and LLI-treated animals. The time point in A–D is day 6, and day 18 in E following Aβ injection. Values are presented as means ± standard error from each group. *p < 0.05 versus control, #p < 0.05 versus LLI-untreated Aβ group. Abbreviations: Aβ, beta amyloid; LLI, low-level laser irradiation.