Table 1.
Participant Characteristicsa
| Characteristic | Text-Only Warnings (n = 1078) | Pictorial Warnings (n = 1071) |
|---|---|---|
| Study site | ||
| California | 594 (55.1) | 592 (55.3) |
| North Carolina | 484 (44.9) | 479 (44.7) |
| Age, y | ||
| 18–24 | 171 (16.1) | 152 (14.5) |
| 25–39 | 377 (35.5) | 398 (37.9) |
| 40–54 | 338 (31.8) | 304 (29.0) |
| ≥55 | 176 (16.6) | 195 (18.6) |
| Mean (SD) | 39.7 (13.4) | 39.8 (13.7) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 507 (47.4) | 532 (50.0) |
| Female | 548 (51.2) | 512 (48.2) |
| Transgender | 15 (1.4) | 19 (1.8) |
| Gay, lesbian, or bisexual | 173 (16.3) | 195 (18.8) |
| Hispanic | 92 (8.6) | 89 (8.5) |
| Race | ||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 7 (0.6) | 11 (1.0) |
| Asian | 28 (2.7) | 42 (4.0) |
| Black or African American | 484 (45.8) | 510 (48.9) |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 11 (1.0) | 6 (0.6) |
| White | 393 (37.2) | 358 (34.3) |
| Other/multiracial | 134 (12.7) | 117 (11.2) |
| Education | ||
| High school degree or less | 333 (31.1) | 344 (32.5) |
| Some college | 519 (48.5) | 502 (47.4) |
| College graduate | 156 (14.6) | 156 (14.7) |
| Graduate degree | 63 (5.9) | 58 (5.5) |
| Household income, annual $ | ||
| 0–24 999 | 566 (53.3) | 589 (55.8) |
| 25 000–49 999 | 272 (25.6) | 266 (25.2) |
| 50 000–74 999 | 110 (10.3) | 92 (8.7) |
| ≥75 000 | 115 (10.8) | 109 (10.3) |
| Low income, <150% of federal poverty level | ||
| No | 506 (47.0) | 477 (44.8) |
| Yes | 570 (53.0) | 589 (55.2) |
| Cigarettes smoked per day, mean (SD) | 8.8 (6.6) | 8.7 (7.3) |
| Smoking frequency | ||
| Daily | 866 (80.4) | 864 (80.7) |
| Nondaily | 211 (19.6) | 207 (19.3) |
| Primary trial outcome at baseline | ||
| Made quit attempt in last month | 270 (26.2) | 275 (26.8) |
| Secondary trial outcomes at baseline, mean (SD)b | ||
| Perceived likelihood of harm from smokingc | 3.3 (0.9) | 3.3 (0.9) |
| Positive smoking attitudesc | 3.3 (1.0) | 3.3 (1.0) |
| Negative smoking attitudesc | 4.0 (0.8) | 4.0 (0.9) |
| Quit intentionsd | 2.2 (0.9) | 2.3 (0.9) |
| No. of conversations about warning in past week | 0.3 (1.1) | 0.4 (1.2) |
| No. of conversations about health risks of smoking in past week | 1.0 (1.7) | 0.9 (1.6) |
| No. of conversations about quitting smoking in past week | 1.2 (1.7) | 1.2 (1.7) |
| No. of times forgoing a cigarette in past week | 1.9 (2.3) | 2.1 (2.3) |
a
Unless otherwise noted, data are reported as number (percentage) of participants. Study characteristics and outcomes at baseline did not differ by trial arm.
b
The baseline surveys did not assess the following secondary outcomes: thinking about warning message, fear elicited by the warning, negative affect, and thinking about the harms of smoking. Missing demographic data range from 0.7% to 2.2%.
c
Response scale for perceived likelihood of harm from smoking, positive smoking attitudes, and negative smoking attitudes ranged from 1 to 5, with 5 indicating higher quantity or stronger endorsement.
d
Response scale for quit intentions ranged from 1 to 4, with 4 indicating higher intentions.