Table 2.
Participant characteristics at baseline
| Study 1
|
Study 2
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Text-only warnings (n = 1078) |
Pictorial warnings (n = 1071) |
Text-only warnings (n = 209) |
Pictorial warnings (n = 1204) |
|||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
| Smoker | ||||||||
| No | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 122 | (58.4) | 694 | (57.6) |
| Yes | 1078 | (100.0) | 1071 | (100.0) | 87 | (41.6) | 510 | (42.4) |
| Age | ||||||||
| 18–24 years | 171 | (16.1) | 152 | (14.5) | 42 | (20.1) | 257 | (21.3) |
| 25–39 years | 377 | (35.5) | 398 | (37.9) | 113 | (54.1) | 659 | (54.7) |
| 40–54 years | 338 | (31.8) | 304 | (29.0) | 40 | (19.1) | 200 | (16.6) |
| 55+ years | 176 | (16.6) | 195 | (18.6) | 14 | (6.7) | 88 | (7.3) |
| Mean years (SD) | 39.7 | (13.4) | 39.8 | (13.7) | 34.1 | 10.9 | 33.5 | 11.4 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 507 | (47.4) | 532 | (50.0) | 102 | (48.8) | 565 | (47.0) |
| Female | 548 | (51.2) | 512 | (48.2) | 107 | (51.2) | 632 | (52.6) |
| Transgender | 15 | (1.4) | 19 | (1.8) | 0 | (0.0) | 4 | (0.3) |
| Gay, lesbian, or bisexual | 173 | (16.3) | 195 | (18.8) | 28 | (13.4) | 120 | (10.0) |
| Hispanic | 92 | (8.6) | 89 | (8.5) | 16 | (7.7) | 85 | (7.1) |
| Race | ||||||||
| Black or African American | 484 | (45.8) | 510 | (48.9) | 17 | (8.1) | 80 | (6.6) |
| White | 393 | (37.2) | 358 | (34.3) | 155 | (74.2) | 958 | (79.6) |
| Other/multiracial | 134 | (12.7) | 117 | (11.2) | 18 | (8.6) | 78 | (6.5) |
| Asian | 28 | (2.7) | 42 | (4.0) | 17 | (8.1) | 77 | (6.4) |
| Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander | 11 | (1.0) | 6 | (0.6) | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (0.2) |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 7 | (0.6) | 11 | (1.0) | 2 | (1.0) | 9 | (0.7) |
| Education | ||||||||
| High school degree or less | 333 | (31.1) | 344 | (32.5) | 35 | (16.8) | 124 | (10.3) |
| Some college | 519 | (48.5) | 502 | (47.4) | 80 | (38.5) | 534 | (44.4) |
| College graduate | 156 | (14.6) | 156 | (14.7) | 77 | (37.0) | 433 | (36.0) |
| Graduate degree | 63 | (5.9) | 58 | (5.5) | 16 | (7.7) | 112 | (9.3) |
| Low income (≤150% of federal poverty level) | ||||||||
| No | 506 | (47.0) | 477 | (44.8) | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 570 | (53.0) | 589 | (55.2) | – | – | – | – |
| Household income, annual | ||||||||
| $0–$24,999 | 566 | (53.3) | 589 | (55.8) | 66 | (31.6) | 333 | (27.7) |
| $25,000–$49,999 | 272 | (25.6) | 266 | (25.2) | 64 | (30.6) | 381 | (31.7) |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 110 | (10.3) | 92 | (8.7) | 32 | (15.3) | 236 | (19.6) |
| $75,000+ | 115 | (10.8) | 109 | (10.3) | 47 | (22.5) | 252 | (21.0) |
| Study site | ||||||||
| California | 594 | (55.1) | 592 | (55.3) | – | – | – | – |
| North Carolina | 484 | (44.9) | 479 | (44.7) | – | – | – | – |
| Cigarettes smoked per day, mean (SD) | 9.1 | (6.5) | 9.0 | (7.2) | – | – | – | – |
| Trait reactance, mean (SD) | 2.86 | (0.7) | 2.89 | (0.7) | 2.93 | (0.7) | 2.97 | (0.7) |
– Not assessed. Missing demographic data range from 0.0% to 2.2%. Demographics did not differ by trial arm in Study 1. Demographics did not differ by trial arm in Study 2, except for education (p < .05)