Table 4.

Correlates of reactance to health warnings (brief form)

	Range	Study 1			Study 2—smokers			Study 2—non-smokers
		n	Mean (SD)	β	n	Mean (SD)	β	n	Mean (SD)	β
Convergent validity (correlates at immediate post-test)
Reactance long form	1–5	2106	2.30 (0.63)	0.85**	594	2.87 (0.69)	0.88**	–	–	–
Trait reactance	1–5	2043	2.87 (0.70)	0.32**	594	3.05 (0.72)	0.37**	808	2.90 (0.67)	0.27**
Positive smoker prototypes	1–5	2122	1.76 (0.86)	0.19**	594	2.42 (0.90)	0.15**	808	1.87 (0.76)	0.09*
Exposure to pictorial warning	–	2135	–	0.21**	594	–	0.20**	808	–	0.18**
Other validity		Predictive validity			Concurrent criterion validity
Perceived message effectiveness	1–4	1882	2.66 (0.86)	−0.15**	592	2.70 (0.85)	−0.36**	–	–	–
Support for pictorial warning policy	1–4	1887	3.30 (0.84)	−0.30**	–	–	–	–	–	–
Quit intentions	1–4	1890	2.63 (1.09)	−0.18**	–	–	–	–	–	–
Avoidance of warning	1–5	1847	2.02 (1.14)	0.09**	594	2.74 (0.93)	0.30**	–	–	–
Forgoing a cigarette	–	1889	–	OR = 0.82*a	–	–	–	–	–	–
Cigarettes per day	1–60	1890	7.34 (6.78)	0.07*	–	–	–	–	–	–

For predictive validity analyses, we assessed predictors at immediate post-test and the outcome at week 4

βs are standardized regression coefficients. – not assessed. Study 1 analyses controlled for study condition. Study 2 analyses controlled for study condition and education

^*p < .05;

^**p < .001

^a95% confidence interval [.73, .92]