Table 5.

Correlates of reactance to health warnings (long form)

	Range	Study 1		Study 2—smokers
		n	β	n	β
Convergent validity (correlates at immediate post-test)
Trait reactance	1–5	2020	0.37**	596	0.46**
Positive smoker prototypes	1–5	2096	0.23**	596	0.12*
Exposure to pictorial warning	–	2106	0.15**	596	0.09*
Other validity		Predictive validity		Concurrent criterion validity
Perceived message effectiveness	1–4	1856	−0.19**	596	−0.43**
Support for pictorial warning policy	1–4	1860	−0.31**	–	–
Quit intentions	1–4	1863	−0.17**	–	–
Avoidance of warning	1–5	1824	0.09**	596	0.32**
Forgoing a cigarette	–	1889	OR = 0.75*a	–	–
Cigarettes per day	1–60	1863	0.06*	–	–

For predictive validity analyses, we assessed predictors at immediate post-test and the outcome at week 4

βs are standardized regression coefficients. – not assessed. Study 1 analyses controlled for study condition. Study 2 analyses controlled for study condition and education

^*p < .05,

^**p < .001

^a95% confidence interval [.73, .92]