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(a) Schematic of a Vickers indentation print and the associated residual stress field ccording to Yoffe’s theory [29]. An indent introduces tensile (red) and compressive (blue) residual stress fields in different zones on the material’s surface; (b) Plots of the phase-transformation parameter, ln(ln((1 − Vm0)/(1 − Vm))), in both tensile and compressive stress zones around the indents as a function of both autoclave time and extrapolated in vivo lifetime according to ASTM F2345-03.
