Table 1.

Biomedical applications of protein biomaterial and their structural design.

Material	Applications	Structural Design
Collagen	Engineering of cartilage, corneal, nerve, ocular, skin, and tendon/ligament tissues, surgical conduits, wound repair, integrated in a variety of composite materials to enhance favorable drug-delivery properties	Hydrogels [15,38,39,40], Films [17], Fibers [41]
Elastin	Controlled drug delivery, engineering of cartilage, liver, ocular, and vascular graft tissue, highly tunable thermoresponsive intracellular functionalized peptide drugs, wound healing applications	Hydrogels [42,43,44], Films [45,46], Fibers [47,48]
Keratin	Antibacterial, drug delivery, tissue engineering, trauma and medical devices, wound healing	Hydrogels [49,50,51,52], Films, [53], Fibers [54]
Resilin	Engineering of native vocal fold, cardiovascular, human cartilage tissues, protein-engineered bioactive materials to promote cell adhesion, degradation, growth factor delivery, and cell differentiation	Hydrogels [34,55,56,57], Nanoparticles [58]
Silk	Adhesive fillers, engineering of cartilage or load bearing tissues, wound dressing, enzyme immobilization, drug delivery	Hydrogels [59], Films [60], Microcapsules [61], Microparticles [62]
Zein	Biomineralization, controlled drug release, enhanced mechanical strength, microbial resistance, positive cell attachment and osteoblast growth	Films [63], Microspheres [64], Nanofibers [65], Nanoparticles [66]