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. 2017 Summer;16(2):ar28. doi: 10.1187/cbe.16-03-0116

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© 2017 P. D. Heideman et al. CBE—Life Sciences Education © 2017 The American Society for Cell Biology. This article is distributed by The American Society for Cell Biology under license from the author(s). It is available to the public under an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0).

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FIGURE 6. — Recall by first-year calculus students (N = 23) after three time-matched study sessions studying two sets of characters from an unfamiliar alphabet, Arabic or Korean, with associated phonetic spellings of pronunciations. Each participant studied one set of characters using VR (red bar) and a second set of characters using MSFL (blue bar). Differences between alphabets were not statistically significant and are not shown. (A) Scores for recall with attained level of significance. (B) The proportion of participants with higher scores for VR, no difference between methods, or higher scores for MSFL, with attained level of significance for independence.