TABLE 3.

Confirmatory factor analysis: factor loadings of the scale items of all measures^a

Measure	Item	Factor loading
Academic self-efficacy for STEM	I feel confident in my ability to learn the material in my STEM courses.	0.82
	I am capable of learning the material in my STEM courses.	0.86
	I am able to achieve my goals in my STEM courses.	0.92
	I feel able to meet the challenge of performing well in my STEM courses.	0.90
Science-task self-efficacy	Generate a research question to answer	0.69
	Use scientific literature to guide research	0.73
	Create explanations for the results of the study	0.83
	Develop theories by integrating results from multiple studies	0.82
	Relate results and explanations of a research project to the work of others	0.85
	Use scientific language and terminology	0.71
Science identity	In general, my interest in science important part of my self-image.	0.76
	My interest in science is an important reflection of who I am.	0.77
	I feel like I belong in the field of science.	0.87
	I have a strong sense of belonging to the community of scientists.	0.90
	I am a scientist.	0.67
Expectancy for STEM career	I would enjoy a career in STEM.	0.94
	I have good feelings about a career in STEM.	0.91
	Having a STEM career would be interesting.	0.94
	I would like to have a career in STEM.	0.93
Belonging to university	I can get what I need at this university.	0.63
	This university helps me fulfill my needs.	0.69
	I feel like a member of this university.	0.83
	I belong at this university.	0.82
	I have a say about what goes on at this university.	0.70
	People at this university are good at influencing each another.	0.67
	I feel connected to this university.	0.90
	I have a good bond with others at this university.	0.77
Belonging to STEM
Membership	I feel that I belong to the STEM community.	0.88
	I consider myself a member of the STEM community.	0.95
	I feel like I am part of the STEM community.	0.96
	I feel a connection with the STEM community.	0.90
Acceptance	I feel like an outsider. (−)	0.76
	I feel accepted.	0.88
	I feel respected.	0.80
	I feel disregarded. (−)	0.69
	I feel valued.	0.84
	I feel neglected. (−)	0.71
	I feel appreciated.	0.83
	I feel excluded. (−)	0.72
	I feel like I fit in.	0.82
	I feel insignificant. (−)	0.72
Affect	I feel at ease.	0.82
	I feel anxious. (−)	0.59
	I feel comfortable.	0.86
	I feel tense. (−)	0.66
	I feel nervous. (−)	0.53
	I feel content.	0.78
	I feel calm.	0.72
	I feel inadequate. (−)	0.67
Desire to fade	I wish I could fade into the background and not be noticed. (−)	0.84
	I try to say as little as possible. (−)	0.77
	I enjoy being an active participant. (−)	0.62
	I wish I were invisible. (−)	0.80
Intention to leave STEM	I am likely to switch to a major that is NOT in a STEM field.	0.63
	I am likely to remain in my STEM major through to graduation or completion of my program of study. (−)	0.82
	I intend to leave my science major or science related track.	0.64
	I do not intend to leave my STEM major before I graduate or complete my program of study. (−)	0.71
	I am not going to remain in a major or track in the STEM fields.	0.60
	I am going to remain in a major or track in the STEM fields. (−)	0.78
	I have considered switching majors to one that is NOT in a STEM field.	0.60

^aReverse-scored items are indicated by parenthetical minus signs. Model fit: χ²(1655) = 4356.87; CFI = 0.928; RMSEA = 0.046. All ps < 0.001.