Table 4.
Predictors of inotrope use as determined by hierarchical generalized linear regression.
| Variable | Model Fixed Effects Patient + Hospital Characteristics C Index=0.8428 |
Model Fixed Effects ONLY Patient Characteristics C Index=0.8427 |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | T-Value | P-value | Global Test CHi-Sq | P-Value Chi-Sq | Adjusted OR | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | T-Value | P-value | Global Test Hi-Sq | P-Value Chi-Sq | |
| Age, per 5 year | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.93 | −14.18 | <.0001 | 201.13 | <.0001 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.93 | −14.29 | <.0001 | 204.27 | <.0001 |
| Female | 1.04 | 0.98 | 1.10 | 1.27 | 0.2057 | 1.60 | 0.2057 | 1.04 | 0.98 | 1.10 | 1.26 | 0.2071 | 1.59 | 0.2071 |
| Race: Other | 0.82 | 0.74 | 0.91 | −3.75 | 0.0002 | 20.25 | <.0001 | 0.82 | 0.74 | 0.91 | −3.66 | 0.0003 | 19.08. | <.0001 |
| Race: Black | 0.88 | 0.81 | 0.95 | −3.21 | 0.0013 | 0.88 | 0.81 | 0.95 | −3.09 | 0.0020 | ||||
| Race: White | 1.00 | Reference | . | . | 1.00 | Reference | . | |||||||
| No Insurance | 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.92 | −3.12 | 0.0018 | 13.45 | 0.0037 | 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.92 | −3.13 | 0.0017 | 13.33 | 0.0040 |
| Medicare | 1.01 | 0.94 | 1.08 | 0.19 | 0.8455 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 1.07 | 0.12 | 0.9055 | ||||
| Medicaid | 1.06 | 0.96 | 1.16 | 1.12 | 0.2632 | 1.05 | 0.96 | 1.16 | 1.07 | 0.2843 | ||||
| Private Insurance | 1.00 | Reference | . | . | 1.00 | Reference | . | |||||||
| MHX:Ischemic Heart Disease | 1.03 | 0.97 | 1.09 | 1.06 | 0.2906 | 1.12 | 0.2906 | 1.03 | 0.97 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 0.2801 | 1.17 | 0.2801 |
| MHX:Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 1.06 | 1.00 | 1.12 | 2.04 | 0.0416 | 4.15 | 0.0416 | 1.06 | 1.00 | 1.12 | 2.03 | 0.0428 | 4.10 | 0.0428 |
| MHX:Valve Disease | 1.42 | 1.33 | 1.52 | 10.20 | <.0001 | 104.11 | <.0001 | 1.42 | 1.33 | 1.52 | 10.20 | <.0001 | 104.13 | <.0001 |
| MHX Diabetes | 0.98 | 0.93 | 1.04 | −0.68 | 0.4949 | 0.47 | 0.4949 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 1.04 | −0.67 | 0.5013 | 0.45 | 0.5013 |
| MHX Hypertension | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.92 | −4.86 | <.0001 | 23.58 | <.0001 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.92 | −4.84 | <.0001 | 23.38 | <.0001 |
| MHX Dislipidemia | 1.03 | 0.98 | 1.09 | 1.14 | 0.2523 | 1.31 | 0.2523 | 1.03 | 0.98 | 1.09 | 1.15 | 0.2511 | 1.32 | 0.2511 |
| MHX Peripheral vascular disease | 1.14 | 1.05 | 1.23 | 3.23 | 0.0012 | 10.45 | 0.0012 | 1.14 | 1.05 | 1.23 | 3.23 | 0.0013 | 10.41 | 0.0013 |
| MHX Renal insufficiency, dialysis | 0.54 | 0.44 | 0.66 | −5.99 | <.0001 | 39.70 | <.0001 | 0.54 | 0.44 | 0.66 | −5.99 | <.0001 | 39.62 | <.0001 |
| MHX Renal insufficiency, no dialysis | 1.02 | 0.95 | 1.10 | 0.56 | 0.5724 | 1.02 | 0.95 | 1.10 | 0.57 | 0.5718 | ||||
| MHX Anemia | 0.97 | 0.90 | 1.04 | −0.81 | 0.4172 | 0.66 | 0.4172 | 0.97 | 0.90 | 1.04 | −0.89 | 0.3748 | 0.79 | 0.3748 |
| MHX COPD | 1.00 | 0.94 | 1.06 | −0.04 | 0.9663 | 0.00 | 0.9663 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 1.06 | −0.05 | 0.9574 | 0.00 | 0.9574 |
| MHX Smoking | 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.94 | −3.60 | 0.0003 | 12.97 | 0.0003 | 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.94 | −3.61 | 0.0003 | 13.04 | 0.0003 |
| MHX Depression | 1.03 | 0.95 | 1.12 | 0.67 | 0.5007 | 0.45 | 0.5007 | 1.03 | 0.94 | 1.12 | 0.63 | 0.5262 | 0.40 | 0.5262 |
| SBP, per 5 mmHg | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.91 | −37.47 | <.0001 | 1404.16 | <.0001 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.91 | −37.49 | <.0001 | 1405.53 | <.0001 |
| HR,<=75 bpm | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | −1.15 | 0.2482 | 1.33 | 0.2482 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | −1.16 | 0.2478 | 1.34 | 0.2478 |
| HR,75–105 bpm | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 7.11 | <.0001 | 50.58 | <.0001 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 7.10 | <.0001 | 50.35 | <.0001 |
| HR,>=105 bpm | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.53 | 0.5990 | 0.28 | 0.5990 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.52 | 0.6013 | 0.27 | 0.6013 |
| LVEF, per 5% decrease from 60% | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.19 | 33.70 | <.0001 | 1135.45 | <.0001 | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.19 | 33.73 | <.0001 | 1137.75 | <.0001 |
| Serum sodium, >140 mmol/L | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.03 | 0.97 | 0.3311 | 0.94 | 0.3311 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.03 | 0.99 | 0.3221 | 0.98 | 0.3221 |
| Serum sodium, <=140 mmol/L | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.95 | −15.87 | <.0001 | 251.76 | <.0001 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.95 | −15.89 | <.0001 | 252.43 | <.0001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, per mg/dL increase | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 13.99 | <.0001 | 195.66 | <.0001 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 13.99 | <.0001 | 195.83 | <.0001 |
| Serum creatinine, > 2.5 mg/dL | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.87 | −8.72 | <.0001 | 76.06 | <.0001 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.87 | −8.72 | <.0001 | 75.98 | <.0001 |
| Serum creatinine, <=2.5 mg/dL | 1.83 | 1.70 | 1.97 | 16.41 | <.0001 | 269.30 | <.0001 | 1.83 | 1.70 | 1.97 | 16.41 | <.0001 | 269.19 | <.0001 |
| HgB, per g/dL increase up to 11 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 2.05 | 0.0400 | 4.22 | 0.0400 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 2.01 | 0.0445 | 4.04 | 0.0445 |
| Time: per 1 yr | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.99 | −2.73 | 0.0064 | 7.44 | 0.0064 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.99 | −2.67 | 0.0075 | 7.15 | 0.0075 |
| Teaching hospital | 0.84 | 0.63 | 1.14 | −1.10 | 0.2727 | 1.20 | 0.2727 | |||||||
| Hospital beds, per 200 | 1.22 | 1.06 | 1.42 | 2.72 | 0.0066 | 7.39 | 0.0066 | |||||||
| Heart transplants performed | 1.25 | 0.68 | 2.27 | 0.72 | 0.4706 | 0.52 | 0.4706 | |||||||
| Rural-(ref. urban) | 0.74 | 0.51 | 1.09 | −1.50 | 0.1335 | 2.25 | 0.1335 | |||||||
| Region West | 1.57 | 1.00 | 2.48 | 1.95 | 0.0510 | 11.11 | 0.0112 | |||||||
| Region South | 1.80 | 1.27 | 2.55 | 3.30 | 0.0010 | |||||||||
| Region Midwest | 1.57 | 1.06 | 2.32 | 2.25 | 0.0247 | |||||||||
| Region Northeast | 1.00 | Reference | . | . | ||||||||||
OR=odds ratio; LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction; HgB=hemoglobin; HR=hart rate; bpm=beats per minute; MHX=medical history; COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SBP=systolic blood pressure; LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction; BUN=blood urea nitrogen.